Indications are that the Global Green Growth Week 2016, taking place from 5 to 9 September on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, is shaping up to be an energetic platform for climate action. Under the theme “Maximising Impact for Inclusive and Sustainable Green Growth,” GGGWeek2016 will bring together leading experts from both the public and private sectors to identify practical, innovative solutions to sustainability challenges and strengthen partnerships that deliver growth that is pro-poor, inclusive and environmentally sustainable. It will highlight four thematic priorities of energy, water, land use and green cities that are central to achieving this.
Jeju Island in South Korea will host the Global Green Growth Week 2016
With the landmark Paris Climate Change Agreement clinched, 2016 is a crucial year to turn commitments on climate change and development finance into concrete actions and plans. The sessions throughout the five-day event are designed to maximise progress towards this goal.
Three issues will be given particular attention during the week. First, the Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP), will examine ways to bring benefits to the poor through social inclusion.
Second, the Asia Regional Policy Dialogue will discuss the coal-versus-renewable dilemma in Asia to further enhance our understanding of how we can give renewables an even stronger role.
Third, there will be a discussion on developing countries’ capacity needs by zooming in on issues such as bankable projects and the role of financing vehicles.
More than 60 discussion sessions and side events will be held during the week. Highlights include:
The Global Green Growth Summit will address barriers to green growth investments;
A NAMA Market Place session will give experts from four countries – Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines and Vietnam – a platform to present their NAMAs to a panel of public donors and private investors.
Country Focus sessions will showcase GGGI’s projects around the world, highlighting green growth milestones;
The New Climate Economy and GGGI Africa Partnership Event will identify major opportunities for accelerating inclusive growth while reducing climate risk in low-income countries;
The Inclusive Green Growth PartnershipMeeting will bring together heads of multilateral development banks, UN regional commissions and GGGI to seek ways to increase green investment flows in developing and emerging countries;
Asia Pacific Carbon Forumwill explore policies and finance that can deliver sustainable development as part of countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement;
Club de MadridPublic Symposium will gather policymakers, academics, private sector representatives and Club de Madrid members for the ‘Democracy in a Sustainable Future’ workshop;
Country Focused Sessions will focus on showcasing GGGI’s projects on the ground to highlight green investment opportunities; and,
New Climate Economy Africa Initiative Launch will support African Policymakers as they navigate the nexus between economic development and climate change.
Executive members of the Timber Traders Organisation (TTO), Akure-Ofosu branch in Ondo State, have declared their readiness to join hands with the state government in curbing illegal activities of encroachers and poachers in the state forest reserves.
Olusegun Mimiko, Governor of Ondo State
They have also shown their willingness to collaborate with the state Ministry of Natural Resources in regenerating the forest reserves.
The Chairman of TTO, Akure branch, Mr. Rotimi Fasua, made the declaration during a meeting with the Commissioner for Natural resources, Tunde Atere, and executive members of the organisation in the office of the commissioner last week.
Fasua, who revealed that more than a quarter of the Akure-Ofosu forest reserves is being used to cultivate Indian hemp illegally with a sizeable portion depleted by coca farmers, said the organisation is ready to work with the state government to curb the illegal activities.
He said that indigenes of neigbouring states poached on the forest at will, adding that flinching is going on with impunity in the reserves.
While saying members of his organisation have the legal right to do business in the reserve, Fasua said his members are ready to work with government to curb the illegal activities as it threatens the future of their business.
Responding, the commissioner decried the high rate of depletion of government forest reserves across the state by encroachers and poachers.
He warned against any act of illegal activities in the state forest reserves, adding that the full weight of the law will be brought on anyone caught as, according to him, government will not fold its arms while its forest reserves are being depleted.
According to him, if the activities of the encroachers continue, the forest reserves will be on the verge of extinction in the next few years.
He, however, called on the indigenes of the state to strive to protect the reserve and see it as their heritage. He adding that government, in the last seven years, has planted millions of economic trees and will not fold its arms while illegalities thrive.
Other stakeholders who spoke at the meeting commended the decision of TTO members to collaborate with the state government to curb illegal activities of encroachers, and in regenerating the forest reserves.
The 10th National Council on Environment (NCE10) was held at the Ta’al Conference Hotel Lafia, Nasarawa State last week. It was chaired by the Minister of Environment, Amina J. Mohammed.
The NCE10, themed: “Environment and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria: Empowering people, taking climate action and protecting the environment,” was preceded by the National Technical Committee session which was chaired by the Permanent Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Environment, Dr. Bukar Hassan, with Permanent Secretaries of State Ministries of Environment, civil society organisation (CSOs) and other delegates from the 36 states of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).
The session, which was declared open by Governor Umaru Tanko Al-makura, featured presentation of welcome address by the Nasarawa State Commissioner for Environment and Natural Resources, Gabriel Ortan Aka’aka, as well as goodwill messages by the Country Directors of the United Nations Development Programme (NDP) and United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO); representative of CSOs; Chairman of Nasarawa State Council of Chiefs; the Emir of Lafia; and Chairman, House Committee on Environment/Culture and Tourism, Nasarawa State House of Assembly, Ibrahim Bala.
Environment Minister Amina J. Mohammed (making a presentation) with Minister of State for Environment, Ibrahim Usman Jibril, along with other dignitariesMinister commissions solar-powered tricycleGov. Umaru Tanko Al-makura and the Environment Minister, Amina Mohammed, visit an exhibition standEnvironment Minister and Minister of Niger Delta board an helicopter to conduct an aerial assessment of environmental challenges in Nasarawa StateMinister of State for Environment, Ibrahim Usman Jibril, joins Governor of Nasarawa State, Umaru Tanko Al-makura, to conduct a clean-up of LafiaEnvironment Ministers led a NCE10 delegation to the Nasarawa State GIS office, where she hailed the use of tech-driven land management systemsAmina Mohammed receives a traditional basket from an Alago DancerFaces at the NCE10Faces at NCE10Faces at Lafia
Environmental Communication State governments have been asked to relocate the Forestry Department and other environment-related departments in Ministry of Agriculture, as well as the Environmental Health Department in their Health Ministries to the Ministries of Environment.
Environment Minister, Amina J. Mohammed (left), with Governor of Nasarawa State, Umaru Tanko Al-makura, during the 10th National Council on Environment (NCE10) last week in Lafia, Nasarawa State
This directive formed one of several decisions arrived at the weeklong 10th National Council on Environment (NCE10) that held last week in Lafia, Nasarawa State.
Besides approving the re-introduction of the monthly National Environmental Sanitation exercise, the gathering, chaired by Environment Minister Amina J. Mohammed, urged states with increasing land degradation problems that requested for approval for funding of projects such as erosion control programmes and afforestation schemes that are not policy-driven, to embark on bilateral consultations with relevant ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), including the Ecological Fund Office (EFO).
Apparently in line with the nation’s climate initiatives, the NCE10 approved programmes and projects that will help in the mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change such as adoption and implementation of the renewable energy master plan, promoting renewable energy programme in schools; as well as upgrading and repositioning climate change units in MDAs, and engaging the private sector in renewable energy programmes through public-private partnership (PPP) arrangements.
Similarly, approval was given to forestry development and afforestation programmes such as enrichment planting in forest reserves nationwide, promoting the use of alternative source of energy, suspension of further exportation of P t e r o c a p u s S p p in Taraba State in the interim, along with initiation and implementation of bamboo and rattan value chain development in the states.
Furthermore, the Council directed the 11 participating frontline states involved in the National Great Green Wall (NAGGW) initiative to strongly support the programme by providing adequate annual budgetary allocation, provision of land, enhancing community sensitisation and mobilisation, as well as technical support. States were likewise encouraged to fully participate in the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility Programme (EPR) nationwide.
Additionally, the Council:
approved installation of automated web-based flood early warning equipment in flood-prone communities nationwide, where there is none presently;
approved the implementation of national requirements and guidelines on registration of environment-friendly products and eco-labeling and encouraged manufacturing companies to buy into the scheme; and,
urged the Federal Ministry of Environment to develop national guideline/regulations on efficient management of spent oil in the country and pilot schemes in six geo-political zones.
The NCE10, themed: “Environment and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria: Empowering people, taking climate action and protecting the environment,” was preceded by the National Technical Committee session which was chaired by the Permanent Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Environment, Dr. Bukar Hassan, with Permanent Secretaries of State Ministries of Environment, civil society organisation (CSOs) and other delegates from the 36 states of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).
Minister of Environment, Amina J. Mohammed, in the company of the Minister of State for Environment, Ibrahim Usman Jibril, and other dignitaries paid a courtesy call on the Governor of Nasarawa State, Umaru Tanko Al-makura, and Alhaji (Dr.) Isa Mustapha Agwai I, the Emir of Lafia and Chairman, as well as Nasarawa State Council of Chiefs. A key outcome of the courtesy call was the signing of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Government of Nasarawa State.
The opening session, which was declared open by Governor Al-makura, featured presentation of welcome address by the Nasarawa State Commissioner for Environment and Natural Resources, Gabriel Ortan Aka’aka, as well as goodwill messages by the Country Directors of the United Nations Development Programme (NDP) and United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO); representative of CSOs; Chairman of Nasarawa State Council of Chiefs; the Emir of Lafia; and Chairman, House Committee on Environment/Culture and Tourism, Nasarawa State House of Assembly, Ibrahim Bala.
The session also featured a presentation on Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for sustainable environmental management by Alhaji Jibril Usman (Environment Minister of State) and an opening address by Amina Mohammed, wherein she reiterated the importance of SDGs in achieving the environment sector objectives and the integration of the key issues encapsulated in the change agenda. She commended EnviroNews Nigeria as well as Connected Development for their outstanding role in environmental communication, awareness raising and advocacy, as well as open engagement in eco-governance. The opening session was rounded off with a keynote address by Governor Al-makura.
The opening ceremony was followed by the Council Meeting, during which the report of the Technical Segment was deliberated upon and decisions were taken. The Technical Committee considered 106 memoranda, stepped down 25, and recommended 81 consisting of 52 action and 29 information memoranda respectively for Council’s approval. These memoranda were submitted by the Federal and State Ministries of Environment/Agencies, NGOs/CSOs.
Council deliberated extensively on all the memos and noted:
The need to increase awareness on the issues of climate change;
Nigeria INDC to reduce GHG emission and the implementation of programmes and projects to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change;
The growing/increasing problems of land degradation and deforestation and the need for sustainable management solutions to address these issues;
The menace of poor solid waste management and sanitation as well as other environmental pollution issues including spent oil;
Environmental governance issues such as the review of NPC and others existing policies, laws and regulating frameworks to address emerging global trends and international best practices;
Council agreed that issues related to regulations for support will best be handled through bilateral consultations; and,
Council reminded members that memos coming to Council should only be policy memos.
Youths in Ogoni land are being offered another chance to start their own businesses in the second LiveWIRE programme to be implemented by The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd (SPDC) Operated Joint Venture. This follows the training of 105 Ogoni youths in the first tranche in 2014/2015. Already, more than 100 youths from the four local government areas in Ogoni — Khana, Gokana, Tai and Eleme — have submitted business ideas for the 2016 edition in response to newspaper advertisements.
The LiveWIRE programme is part of efforts to encourage youths in Ogoniland to take up viable and legitimate means of livelihood
“The LiveWIRE programme for Ogoni youths is a targeted initiative and is part of efforts to encourage youths in the area to take up viable and legitimate means of livelihood,” said General Manager, External Relations, Igo Weli. “The 2011 UNEP Report on Ogoniland had recommended programmes aimed at supporting youths for alternative means of livelihood so they can stay away from crude oil theft and illegal oil refining activities. We’re happy that the youths are enthusiastic about the opportunities we’re offering them through LiveWIRE.”
The flagship youth enterprise development programme aims to reach young people aged 18-35 to start their own businesses through the provision of training and finance. The three-month training covers welding and fabrication, electrical installation, food preparation and culinary arts, information technology, fashion and beauty care, carpentry and joinery and hairdressing and beauty therapy. The trainees will be provided starter packs at the end of the session to start their own businesses. Equipped with the skills and packs, some 78 graduates of the premier LiveWIRE session have started their own businesses and also created jobs.
Mr. Weli added: “We expect to replicate the same success story in the 2016 LiveWIRE programme, helping youths to create jobs and giving the new employers and employees a new lease of life.”
The LiveWIRE programme was launched in Nigeria in 2003, and has so far trained more than 6,200 Niger Delta youths in enterprise development and management.
The Federal Government has stepped up vigilance within the drug supply chains in the country on the circulation of two confirmed falsified versions of Quinine Sulphate.
Mrs Boade Akinola
A statement said the Federal Ministry of Health received a medical alert that the two falsified drugs contain zero active pharmaceutical ingredients.
The statement, signed by Mrs Boade Akinola, Director, Media and Public Relations of the ministry, on Saturday said the drugs were circulating in West and Central Africa.
Akinola said the two version of the drug were circulating in Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. She said the quinine Sulphate was used in the treatment of malaria.
According to her, the implication of using the falsified one is that it will not be effective and may also lead to other health challenges. She said one of the fake products was named Quinine Sulfate 300 mg with 1000 Tablets per container, Batch Number 10H05, expiry date 09/2018 and it manufactured 09/2014.
Akinola added that the drug, manufactured by Novadina Pharmaceutical Limited, London, United Kingdom, was first discovered in Cameroon. The director said the other version of the fake drug was Quinine Sulphate 300mg with 100 Tablets per container; batch F4387, expiry date 11/18 and its date of manufacture is 12/14.
She explained that the product was manufactured in India by CAD Pharm, and it was discovered in Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
She advised Nigerians to be vigilant and report to the nearest National Agency for Food and Drug Administration (NAFDAC) office anywhere the drugs are spotted including hospitals and pharmaceutical shops.
The ministry urges Nigerians to also report it the following GSM numbers +2348037881120, +2348055056727 and +2348035902679.
She said: “If you are in possession of these products, please do not use them. If you have taken this falsified product or if you suffer an adverse effect following its uptake, please seek immediate advice from a qualified healthcare professional and report the incident to NAFDAC.”
Twelve additional states have recently become partners with the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) in combating environmental and land degradation. The states include: Akwa Ibom, Bauchi, Borno Delta, Gombe, Kano, Katsina, and Kogi. Others are Nasarawa, Oyo, Plateau and Sokoto.
A gully erosion site being attended to by NEWMAP
The multisector and multi-scale project, which adopts innovative approaches to preventing and reversing land degradation, initially commenced with gully erosion sites that threaten infrastructure and livelihoods in the states of Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu and Imo, referred to as first mover states.
NEWMAP’s activities has however scaled out from the initial seven states to 12 states, now making a total of 19.
Dr. Amos Abu, World Bank’s Task Team Leader (TTL) on the project, disclosed this development recently while briefing key officials of the seven states where the Bank’s Erosion and Watershed Intervention Programme is currently being executed.
Reclaimed gully site at the back of Union Bank in Atakpa Bay Side, Cross River State
NEWMAP, it was gathered, was informed by the need to respond to the challenges and the emerging land degradation and environmental insecurity facing the first mover states.
Then, in 2010, the project was conceived by the Federal Government in partnership with the World Bank to support the country in addressing severe erosion and its impacts in south-eastern Nigeria.
“At the moment, NEWMAP is currently intervening, with a high percentage degree of project completion, in 21 active gully erosion sites, in the initial seven states,” said a source.
NEWMAP is predicated on an eight-year Strategic Investment Loan (SIL) of $508.59 million, consisting of a $500 million International Development Association (IDA) concessional loan, blended with Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund grant of $3.96 million and Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) grant of $4.63 million. The government of Nigeria’s contribution would amount to approximately $150 million (the Federal Government: 60% and participating states: 40%).
NEWMAP is designed as a states led intervention, to reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-watersheds, achieve greater environmental resilience to soil erosion and associated challenges of land degradation, loss of biodiversity, poverty, climate change and disaster risks in specific locations in Nigeria.
The project has four components, which are listed to include: Erosion and Watershed Management Investments; Erosion and Watershed Management Institutions and Information Services; Climate Change Agenda Support; and, Project Management.
Plastic pollution seems to be everywhere, from Atlantic beaches to Arctic sea ice to huge swirling vortexes of trash in the Pacific Ocean. Plastics can be found in every shape and size, from microscopic particles to whole refrigerators full of plastic parts. But plastic itself isn’t the enemy, experts insist, saying rather that it’s the way people handle it that needs to change.
Marine litter in Abidjan, Ivory Coast
According to scientists, ocean plastic has harmed hundreds of species in a variety of ways through:
entanglement old fishing nets, six-pack rings
choking bottle caps, straws, plastic bags
blocking digestive tracts
Habitat degradation, as microscopic particles on the sea floor interfere with how ecosystems function.
It is estimated that some 8.8 million tons of plastic enters the ocean every year, which is likened to a garbage truck dumping a full load of trash into the ocean every minute.
The Big 5
China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam are said to be the five major contributors to the scourge, with more than 50% of the plastic waste entering the oceans currently coming from these rapidly developing countries.
Stemming The Tide
Just 20 countries are producing the vast majority of the plastic leaking into oceans. It is believed that if those countries could halve the amount of mismanaged waste they generate through infrastructure improvements (such as increasing trash collection rates), the flow of plastic into the ocean would plummet by almost 40%.
Growing Pains
The biggest reason so much plastic winds up in oceans isn’t casual littering. It’s the mismanagement of trash – especially in developing countries, where markets are rapidly growing but waste management systems are inadequate or improperly managed.
Pollution Solutions
In 2012, the Ocean Conservancy founded the Trash Free Seas Alliance, a coalition of business, science, and conservation leaders (including WWF) dedicated to finding solutions to ocean pollution. The Alliance recently helped develop a suite of management strategies to stem the tide of plastics entering the oceans.
WaterAid Nigeria has launched its 2016-2021 country programme strategy, thereby laying the foundation for the 15-year path to achieving universal access to water, sanitation and hygiene for Nigerians by 2030.
Barbara Frost, Chief Executive, WaterAid. Photo credit: wateraid.org
Over the next five years, the organisation will focus on increasing citizens’ access to quality, equitable and sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene services built on a strong sector and engaged communities.
Globally, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target for drinking water was met five years ahead of the 2015 schedule. However, billions of people – estimated at least one in three – still live without a decent toilet, according to scientists. Despite documented progress of people having improved access to water in Nigeria, the country reportedly failed to meet the MDG targets for both water and sanitation. Consequently, according to WaterAid, nearly 45,000 children under the age of five in Nigeria still die from diarrhoeal diseases caused by the nation’s poor levels of access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).
Although the 2015 WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) shows an increase in water coverage for Nigeria from 40% in 1990 to 69% in 2015, the percentage of the population without access to sanitation is said to be falling – from 38% in 1990 to just 29% in 2015.
“This wholly unacceptable situation causes untold suffering, affecting human and sustainable development, particularly in the lives of women – who carry the burden of fetching water and caring for sick children; and for girls – who may be forced to miss school because of the absence of toilets there, thus limiting their exposure to education and consequently, opportunities to make choices that could help them overcome lives of poverty,” WaterAid Nigeria disclosed in a statement.
It adds: “The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) give hope for tackling the WASH crisis in Nigeria as the country is signed up to achieving these Global Goals. WaterAid Nigeria launches its new strategy with a commitment to seizing this historic opportunity to tackle the underlying causes of poverty and inequality and to accelerate transformational change through a shared vision of universal access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene.”
Speaking on the new strategy, WaterAid Nigeria Country Director, Dr. Michael Ojo, was quoted in the statement as saying: “Our new strategy is an ambitious and challenging one but we look forward to an exciting journey that will impact positively on child health, education, livelihoods, the environment and addressing poverty and inequalities. Our strategic objectives target strengthening systems to reduce WASH sector blockages; empowering citizens to demand their rights and participate in WASH decision-making and strengthening partnerships to influence the WASH sector and increase access to sustainable WASH services. We will continue to work with the government, colleagues in the development sector and through our partners, to ensure universal access to water, sanitation and hygiene for all in Nigeria by 2030.”
WaterAid International’s Chief Executive, Barbara Frost, who is on a working visit to the country, added: “WaterAid Nigeria’s 2016-2021 Strategy is a monumental and impressive roadmap to changing the course of history and reaching those who are poorest and most vulnerable in Nigeria with safe water, sanitation and hygiene. These life-saving and essential services are fundamental to both human and national development and delivering on them will transform the lives of millions of Nigerians. Achieving universal access for all in Nigeria is possible with the right political commitment, funding, collaborations and innovative thinking.”
Mariame Dem, Head of Region, WaterAid West Africa said: “WaterAid Nigeria has a crucial role to play in achieving universal access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene for all Nigerians by 2030. Getting it right in Nigeria will make a huge impact on improving WASH access rates not just for the region but for Africa as a whole. Nigeria must live up to its status as the giant of Africa and leverage on the enormous potential and opportunities within the country to make some real progress for all Nigerians in this area.”
Belgium and Bulgaria have become the latest countries to ratify the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), bringing the total number of ratifications to 80.
Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity
The 2010 Nagoya Protocol is a supplementary agreement to the CBD and a key element in the global framework for sustainable development. The Protocol builds on the access and benefit-sharing provisions of the CBD by establishing predictable conditions for access to genetic resources and by helping to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of these resources. It entered into force on 12 October 2014.
“I congratulate the governments of Belgium and Bulgaria on their recent ratification of the Nagoya Protocol, thereby demonstrating a strong pledge to the principle of fair and equitable benefit-sharing,” said Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, CBD Executive Secretary. “I encourage other countries to deposit their instruments of ratification or accession as soon as possible for us to reach our goal of 100 ratifications before the important meetings of the Convention and its Protocols to be held in Mexico later this year.”
Both countries ratified the Protocol a week ago – Belgium on 9 August 2016, Bulgaria on 11 August 2016.
As Parties to the Protocol, Belgium and Bulgaria will be able to contribute to key decision-making at the Second meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing, being held in Cancun, Mexico, from 4 to 17 December 2016.
Genetic resources are used in research and development for many different purposes in the European Union (EU). When benefits are derived from the utilisation of genetic resources, the Nagoya Protocol provides that these should be shared fairly and equitably with the providing country.
In addition to the EU, 10 European countries have now ratified the Nagoya Protocol: Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Slovakia, Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The CBD, an international treaty for the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity and the equitable sharing of the benefits derived from the use of genetic resources, opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and entered into force in December 1993.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing are supplementary agreements to the Convention. The Cartagena Protocol, which entered into force on 11 September 2003, seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. To date, 170 Parties have ratified the Cartagena Protocol.
The Nagoya Protocol aims at sharing the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies. It entered into force on 12 October 2014 and to date has been ratified by 80 Parties.
