While political views play a strong role in Americans’ opinions on climate change, there are many other individual, social, and cultural factors that influence public understanding of the issue. The Centre for Climate Change Communication of George Mason University in the US explores how views on climate change differ between men and women

A large body of research shows a small-but consistent-gender gap in environmental views and climate change opinions. On average, women are slightly more likely than men to be concerned about the environment and have stronger pro-climate opinions and beliefs. Scholars have proposed several explanations for this gender gap, including differences in gender socialisation and resulting value systems (e.g., altruism, compassion), perceptions of general risk and vulnerability, and feminist beliefs including commitment to egalitarian values of fairness and social justice. Some researchers also note that some of the strongest gender differences are found in concern about specific environmental problems, particularly local problems that pose health risks.

In our research, we find that, although a similar proportion of men and women think global warming is happening and is human-caused, women consistently have higher risk perceptions that global warming will harm them personally, and will harm people in the U.S., plants and animals, and future generations of people (Fig. 1). Also compared with men, a greater proportion of women worry about global warming, think that it is currently harming the U.S., and support certain climate change mitigation policies, specifically regulating CO2 as a pollutant and setting strict CO2 limits on coal power plants.

Women are less likely than men, however, to say that most scientists are convinced that global warming is happening. The gender gap in this form of knowledge has remained generally stable since 2010, although men’s understanding of the scientific consensus has improved over time (see Fig. 2). This is a surprising finding given that women are more likely than men to view climate change as harmful.

We also found knowledge gaps between men and women in our 2010 research on Americans’ knowledge of climate change. In this research, we assessed public understanding (and misunderstanding) of climate change in detail. For example, respondents were asked about their knowledge of fossil fuels and which types of gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. After grading scores on the test, we found that, on average, women scored lower than men in scientific knowledge on climate change (Fig. 3). A greater proportion of women received a “D” or an “F” and fewer got an “A” or “B” than did men.

Women were also more likely than men to express uncertainty about a variety of questions. For instance, respondents were asked how much several factors contribute to global warming (e.g., deforestation, nuclear power plants, burning fossil fuels, the sun, cars and trucks). Across many of these questions, a greater proportion of women said “don’t know” than did men (see Fig. 4). Women were also more likely to misunderstand some facts; for instance, a greater proportion of women said that acid rain and the ozone hole contribute “a lot” to global warming. Women and men were similar, however, in their knowledge on the burning of fossil fuels, which is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions causing global warming.

Taken together, these results suggest that women in the U.S. are less likely than men to know certain scientific facts about global warming and tend to be less certain of what they know, even though they have a more accurate understanding of the risks and threats from global warming. This might suggest that, compared with men, women will be more open to fact-based public education initiatives because they might be less threatened by the facts (as long as the information is consistent with their risk assessments).

Closing gender gaps in knowledge and understanding of the problem, therefore, ought to receive more attention in climate education and outreach efforts to further engage and empower women in climate issues. This is especially important because women are more likely than men to be harmed by environmental problems like climate change-both nationally and globally. In a recent BBC News Science & Environment article, U.N. data show that globally women make up 80% of people who are displaced by climate change. Because women in many countries tend to have roles as primary caregivers and food providers-and tend to have less socioeconomic power than men-they are more vulnerable to climate problems including natural hazards like flooding, droughts, and hurricanes. In the U.S., for instance, the Institute for Women’s Policy Research reported that 83% of low-income, single mothers did not return to their homes in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005. In terms of public health, air pollution is considered a leading threat to pregnant women and their babies-to-be.

Women play an essential role in responding to climate change. In fact, out of 100 substantive climate solutions identified through rigorous empirical modeling, improving the education of women and girls represents one of the top solutions (#6) to reducing greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming-similar in ranking to restoring tropical forests and ranking above increased solar energy generation. Women in leadership positions can also foster climate policy solutions. A study on gender equality and state-level environmentalism found that, across 130 countries, women in government positions were more likely to sign on to international treaties to reduce global warming than men. Promoting the participation of diverse women in leadership positions, as well as in climate science, can also inspire young women to participate.

Two key milestone publications by the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) released on Tuesday, November 20, 2018 highlight that success in tackling the global climate crisis can be achieved, but only if public and private sector actions are urgently stepped up.

The reports – “Talanoa Dialogue Synthesis Report” and “Yearbook for Global Climate Action 2018” – take the pulse of where the world stands on its journey towards full carbon neutrality by mid-century, says the UNFCCC.

The Synthesis Report, it was gathered, was prepared using submissions to the Talanoa Portal (launched on January 10, 2018) which received a total of 471 inputs throughout the year, including notably the IPCC’s special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also drew from stories that were presented by government and non-government representatives during the intersessional climate change session held in May 2018.

The Yearbook for Global Climate Action takes account of some 9,000 commitments – spanning cities, regions, businesses, investors and civil society – incorporating 128 countries (16 per cent of the global population), around 240 states and regions and more than 6,000 businesses in 120 countries representing $36 trillion in economic activity.

Special Envoy for Climate Change and Poland’s High-Level Climate Champion, Tomasz Chruszczow, said: “Global Climate Action remains the best response to the challenges of changing climate. 2018’s Yearbook documents how the action can deliver on existing NDCs, on adaptation, mitigation, capacity building, etc. Every climate related initiative, programme or action contributes to laying a solid foundation for the climate neutral, peaceful, climate resilient and sustainable future for all. Parties and non-Party stakeholders act together and prove that cooperation may lead to more emission reductions, faster delivering on existing NDCs and strengthening of biosystems’ capacity to store atmospheric carbon, while life standards get improved, economies grow, and the nations approach all the goals of the Paris Agreement in an accelerated manner. The examples from this year’s Yearbook will surely inspire more ambitious action by the governments and the stakeholders. Responding to climate change related threats is an opportunity that no one can afford missing.”

Together the publications illustrate that global climate action can close the gap to meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement: to limit average global warming to 2 degrees Celsius and to strive for the safer 1.5-degree limit.

However, what the reports also make clear is that all actors – government and non-governmental, public and private – need to urgently step up the pace of action if the world is to achieve the Paris targets and to avoid the worst effects of climate change.

According to key findings in the Synthesis Report, the reality is that, despite current efforts, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming are still on the rise.

The Report also describes how these atmospheric changes are already having devastating impacts, citing a total of 11,000 extreme weather events between 1997 and 2016, which have resulted in approximately 524,000 deaths and trillions of dollars of opportunity lost in economic development

“The publications are sober reading, but they do signpost the solutions that can exponentially drive the transition towards a low carbon economy. That is, if global actors adhere strictly to the Paris Agreement process and its principles.

“This theme of exponentiality is a major focus of the Yearbook for Global Climate Action, which states that if countries were to fully implement their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, and if cooperative initiatives were to meet their commitments, global emissions in 2030 would be in a range consistent with the long-term trajectory to meet the Paris Agreement goal of well below 2°C.

Similarly, the Synthesis Report, which emphasises ways of increasing ambition, points to ‘untapped potential’ that, if properly fulfilled, could yield economic gains of $26 trillion and 65 million jobs in clean energy,” submits the UNFCCC.

Inia Seruiratu, Minister for Agriculture, Rural & Maritime Development, National Disaster Management and Meteorological Services, and Fiji High-Level Climate Champion, said: “This year, the entire Talanoa process – as reflected in the Synthesis Report – shows how we can put in place holistic approaches and policy frameworks across all sectors of the economy and the natural environment. With the right policy frameworks, NDCs could address not only mitigation but also adaptation, disaster resilience and efficient use of resources. Crucially, non-Party engagement will be essential in delivering on all these objectives.”

Significantly, these reports are published just two weeks before governments gather for the global climate summit in Poland (COP 24), where they are set to complete the implementation guidelines for the Paris Agreement, known as its Work Programme. A finalised Paris Agreement Work Programme, observes the UNFCCC, has the potential to unleash practical actions from the whole global climate action community commensurate with a 1.5 pathway.

Glacier melt at major sites in western China is accelerating fast, Greenpeace said on Tuesday, November 20, 2018.

The melt is prompting thousands to evacuate in recent months and underscoring the vulnerability to climate change in a “wake-up call” for the world.

Satellite analysis showed that the rate of retreat at glaciers in China’s remote western regions had more than doubled, Greenpeace said.

The annual rate at the Tianshan Glacier No. 1 in Xinjiang is rising from an average of 5,000 square metres between 1962 and 1986 to 10,600 square metres between 1986 and this year.

“This is a wake-up call for China and the world,’’ said Greenpeace’s climate and energy campaigner, Liu Junyan.

“Glaciers in China supply water to 1.8 billion people, and they’re melting, fast.

“In just the last few months, thousands of people have been evacuated from their homes due to threats of flooding.’’

Greenpeace has identified two major disasters caused by glacier melt this year.

The disaster included the release of 25 million cubic metres of floodwater into the Yarkant river basin that forced the evacuation of residents in August.

Researchers with the China Academy of Sciences said in September that glaciers in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau had shrunk 15 per cent as a result of rising temperatures over the last 50 years.

Temperatures in the region are rising faster than the global average, they said.

China has pledged to bring carbon emissions to a peak by “around 2030” as part of its commitment to the 2015 Paris agreement.

The agreement aims to keep the average global temperature increase to “well below” two degrees Celsius above the historical norm.

The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned in a report in October.

It warned that high-altitude zones like the Tibetan plateau would be especially vulnerable if global temperature rises were not restricted to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Another CAS study published in October said China was at risk of longer and more intense drought as well as more destructive flooding if global temperature rises were not limited to 1.5 degrees.