By 2050, the tropical region will host most of the world’s people and two-thirds of its children.

The UN, which made the disclosure on Friday, June 29, 2018 in commemoration of the International Day of the Tropics, pointed out that the proportion of the urban population living in slum conditions is higher in the Tropics than in the rest of the world.

“Consistent with the higher levels of poverty, more people experience undernourishment in the Tropics than in the rest of the world,” the global body stated.

While it hosts nearly 95% of the world’s mangrove forests by area and 99% of mangrove species, the area of mangrove forest has however decreased in all tropical regions since 1980, stated the UN.

“The Tropics have just over half of the world’s renewable water resources (54%), yet almost half their population is considered vulnerable to water stress.

“Biodiversity is greater in the Tropics across most taxonomic groups, with an equivalently higher proportion of threatened species. For those plants and animals for which there are adequate data, loss of biodiversity is greater in the Tropics than in the rest of the world.”

The Tropics are a region of the Earth, roughly defined as the area between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. Although topography and other factors contribute to climatic variation, tropical locations are typically warm and experience little seasonal change in day-to-day temperature. An important feature of the Tropics is the prevalence of rain in the moist inner regions near the equator, and that the seasonality of rainfall increases with the distance from the equator.

The Tropics account for 40 per cent of the world’s total surface area and are host to approximately 80 per cent of the world’s biodiversity and much of its language and cultural diversity. The tropical region faces a number of challenges such as climate change, deforestation, logging, urbanisation and demographic changes.

Observed on June 29, the International Day of the Tropics celebrates the extraordinary diversity of the tropics while highlighting unique challenges and opportunities nations of the Tropics face. It provides an opportunity to take stock of progress across the tropics, to share tropical stories and expertise and to acknowledge the diversity and potential of the region.

Environmental and health experts have urged stakeholders to promote low-carbon growth initiatives to solve environmental problems, decrease climate change risks and impacts on ecosystems as well as human health.

They made the call in separate interviews with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Abuja on Thursday, June 29, 2018.

The experts agreed on the need to create a national policy to address climate change issues and move the country toward a low-carbon development trajectory.

Prof. Nasiru Idris, Dean of Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nassarawa State University, Keffi, underscored the need for collaboration among stakeholders to develop a national strategy to phase out the use of non-biodegradable items like plastics.

He said that pragmatic efforts should be made to “develop a national plastic waste recycling programme, involving the establishment of plastics recycling plants across the country.

“It is my view that for controlling the proliferation of plastic sachets, for instance, we must go back to the major producers of fast foods and goods to put in place recycling programmes.

“The recycling schemes should effectively ensure that while we seek environmentally-friendly options for product packaging, we keep the environment free of plastics as much as possible,’’ he said.

He said that the government’s environmental policy should aim at finding practical solutions to the menace of plastic pollution which was created by the growing production and use of plastic materials such plastic bags, bottles and containers, among others.

Besides, Idris decried the degradation of the environment in the Niger Delta region, calling on oil companies operating in the area to protect the environment against crude oil pollution and gas flaring.

He particularly advised the oil companies to be mindful of the consequences of their activities, while exhibiting greater responsibility towards protecting the health of the people and the environment.

He called on all the relevant parties to come up with concrete plans of action on how to remediate the pollution of affected sites and intensify efforts to stop gas flaring in the Niger Delta.

However, Mr Peter Idabor, the Director-General of National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), said that the Federal Government was committed to the environmental clean-up of the Ogoni neighbourhood in the Niger Delta area.

He said that the Federal Government had initiated a National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP) for the clean-up and remediation of oil spill sites in the country.

NAN reports that the contingency plan which aims at checking oil spills, in collaboration with the Nigeria Agip Oil Company (NOAC), is to ensure timely, effective and appropriate response to oil spills in communities.

“Some activities that are being checked now are illegal refinery activities which are causing gas emissions and also abattoirs that use rubber tyres to roast animals, forcing people to inhale harmful gas on a daily basis.

“Another source of the soot is the heating of asphalt used for road construction and the burning of stolen petroleum products by security agencies,’’ he said.

NAN also recalls that the Ogoni Trust Fund Escrow Agreement was signed by representatives of the Ogoni area, Federal the Ministry of Environment and international oil companies.

The UN had recommended $1 billion for the remediation of the impacted areas in Ogoniland, with a spending plan of $200 million per year for the next four years.

Also speaking, Mr Haruna Manga, Coordinator, Primary Healthcare, Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, urged residents to desist from indiscriminate dumping of refuse in order to prevent the outbreak of diseases such as gastroenteritis.

He said that gastroenteritis, even though a common disease among young children, could also affect adults.

“It is a health condition that causes diarrhoea and vomiting; the causative agent is a bacterial or viral tummy bug.

“Bacterial gastroenteritis can result from poor hygiene, it can also occur after consuming food that is contaminated by bacteria carried by flies in filthy environments.

“Nobody has immunity to combat the negative impact of environmental pollution and that is why we should all strive to promote a safe environment,’’ he said.

Mr Atayi Babs, the National Coordinator, Climate Sustainable Development Network (CSDevNet), a non-governmental organisation, said that the citizens should exhibit a positive attitude towards the environment so as to prevent the occurrence of climate-induced disasters in the future.

“Some changes in climate cannot be avoided due to past, present and future global emissions but the detrimental effects can be avoided if we can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to acceptable levels.

“Therefore, we must move towards taking climate actions that will alleviate the effects of climate change and a warmer world.’’

Babs said that CSDevNet was concerned that the implementation of Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) remained largely unknown, with inadequate participation of non-state actors.

He advised Nigerians and Africans, in general, to speak with one voice at international climate negotiations during the 2018 Talanoa Dialogue.

He stressed that the outcome of the talks must include informed policy formulation and the monitoring of policy implementation at all levels.

Babs said: “Now is the time to lay strong foundations for the future and ensure that Nigerian perspectives are strongly reflected through the engagement of non-state actors in the implementation of Nigeria’s NDCs, the SDGs and the Economic Growth and Recovery Plan (EGRP).

“Such engagements must be based on genuine global sustainability and low-carbon development pathway and they must reflect the integrated links on socio-economic, cultural and environmental dimensions of development.

“Any implementation plan that fails to integrate these dimensions in a balanced way is not feasible in efforts to address present and future development challenges in Nigeria,’’ he added.

He warned against the non-implementation of policies, adding that the policies must have concrete plans to implement new climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies within the sector.

Babs underscored the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience climate change consequences.

“In the light of the increasing rate of gas flaring, upsurge in soot generation and importation of generators across the country, we should be more ambitious in implementing Nigeria’s NDCs with regard to greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets from now until 2020 and post-2020,’’ he said.

By Ebere Agozie

From the clean-up of oil spill in Ogoniland in the polluted and restive Niger Delta region to the implementation of the Great Green Wall Initiative of restoring degraded desert-prone northern region as well as the execution of several erosion control and biodiversity conservation programmes, the Nigerian government believes it is on course in creating and sustaining an ideal environment to make life more meaningful for its over 180 million citizens.

Environment Minister of State, Ibrahim Usman Jibril, while addressing the 6th Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) on Thursday, June 28, 2018 in Da Nang, Vietnam, assured the international community of government’s unalloyed commitment towards the attainment of global objectives, especially as they concern the environment.

His words: “We are committed to the global efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), low carbon economy, fight against climate change, desertification, erosion, biodiversity loss, and other forms of environmental pollution and degradation.

“Environmental problems come in various ways and forms. The food we eat, the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land we till, are all prone to pollution and degradation when the carrying capacity of our ecosystem reaches a tipping point. Effects of this dislocation in equilibrium can be seen in increase in diseases, climate change, desertification, erosion, sprawling urban environmental problems, oil pollution, etc.”

Jibril spoke was during the last plenary, marking the closing ceremony of the Assembly. The heads of government delegations were seated in their different cubicles in alphabetical order and took turns to make their remarks.

Jibril explained that, beyond implementing and executing specific ecological projects that would help to reduce the devastating impacts of climate change on the Nigerian masses, government has gone into strategic partnerships with relevant stakeholders, particularly private sector investors to drive an ecologically-based economy.

“The Federal Government of Nigeria has put in place relevant institutional arrangements and mechanisms, including legal framework, to address various environmental problems facing our country.

“We are encouraging programmes and initiatives that will not only protect our environment but create wealth. Various pilot projects are being established in this regard.

“The Government has initiated the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) programme to encourage industry to shift to closed-cycle manufacturing and efficient take-back schemes for remanufacturing and recycling.  This is in line with the tenets of green economy and circular economy in which the use of materials and generations of waste are minimised, and waste is recycled or reused as raw material, and any remaining waste treated in a way that causes minimal damage to the human health and the environment. The era of ‘cradle to grave’ in waste management is over. The new paradigm is ‘cradle to cradle’, meaning that every waste is a potential raw material for another product.

“We are strengthening our environmental institutions in order to improve environmental governance. We are providing enabling environment for private sector participation and partnership in environmental sustainability. We are promoting circular economy and clean technologies that will drive research, eco-innovation and actions in various areas, including climate change mitigation and adaption measures. We have initiated the Sovereign Green Bond to raise funds to address environmental problems,” the minister said.

On the Ogoniland clean-up, Jibril who vowed that no efforts would be spared in making sure that a thorough job is done, even as he disclosed that government expanded the scope of the project to include the comprehensive improvement of the welfare of the people of the Niger Delta, including providing them access to basic amenities such as medical services and portable water.

“Let me use this opportunity to reiterate government’s commitment to the clean-up of Ogoniland and the rest of Niger Delta in the South-South Zone of Nigeria following decades of negative environmental impacts due to oil exploration and exploitation activities. We have established the Hydrocarbon Pollution and Remediation Project (HYPREP), appointed a coordinator, and put in place a Governing Council (GC) and the Board of Trustees (BoT). In addition, free medical services and potable water are being provided to the communities. It is expected that the actual clean-up exercise will commence between August and September 2018 after the conclusion of the on-going procurement process.”

While commending the government of the Vietnam for the successful hosting of the 6th GEF Assembly, the minister underlined the commitment of the Nigerian government to the course of GEF, even as he expressed the country’s appreciation of the institution for its financial assistances over the years, while also calling for more funds to combat the large magnitude of environmental challenges confronting the country.

“I want to join other delegates in expressing our appreciation to the Government and people of Vietnam, our host country, for the warm reception and wonderful hospitality extended to us since our arrival in this beautiful city of Da Nang. We are truly impressed by the level of success in economic growth achieved by Vietnam, particularly over the past two decades. We commend the efforts of the government.

“Let me also thank the CEO of GEF and her team for their hard work and excellent organisation of this 6th GEF Assembly.

“Nigeria has been a strong ally/partner of GEF since inception of the organisation. We have been actively involved in GEF programmes and projects over the years. We thank GEF for its support to Nigeria in addressing environmental problems. Nigeria is a huge country with a lot of environmental challenges. We would therefore like to appeal to GEF for more support in addressing these environmental challenges. We would also like to request for increase in GEF grant to the West Africa Coastal Constituency of GEF, in which Nigeria belongs. There is need to address delays in project document preparation and submission to GEF from the region.

“Finally, as we enter into the new GEF cycle, we must all continue to work together as one entity of the global community to protect and preserve the global commons,” he added.

By Innocent Onoh in Da Nang, Vietnam

Côte d’Ivoire has restated its commitment to ratifying the Minamata Convention to deal with the negative effects of mercury on health and the environment. Officials have also agreed to place a ban on the use of lead in paints in the country.

These resolutions formed the highpoint of submissions by a gathering of stakeholders on Monday, June 18, 2018 in Abidjan during a national workshop organised by the African Centre for Environmental Health in collaboration with the Ministry of Health & Public Hygiene, and the Ministry of Environment.

Apart from working on a regulation that will protect people from dental amalgam poisoning, the capacity building and knowledge exchange workshop was also aimed at reviewing the findings of previous consultations with stakeholders towards adopting advocacy instruments to support the Ivorian government in its planned ratification of the Minamata Convention.

“In order not to be on the sidelines on the initiatives implemented on the continent, we must accelerate the process of ratification of the Minamata Convention in order to benefit from the support available by the Global Environment Facility (GEF),” said Dominique Bally Kpokro, Chairman, African Centre for Environmental Health at the opening of the workshop.

To address the issue related to mercury poisoning, inventories conducted between 2014 and 2016 have shown that Côte d’Ivoire used nearly 13 tons of mercury in the gold mining sector. In addition, some products contain mercury, including mercury waste from measuring devices such as thermometers, barometers and tensiometers.

Kpokro, who is also Vice President, Africa for World Alliance for Mercury-Free Dentistry, pointed out that, “in some dental practices, concentrations of more than 5000 nanograms per cubic meter of air were found, which is five times more mercury than the norm allowed. In certain cosmetic and personal hygiene products, concentrations of 0.8 and 0.9 parts per million have been found in lightening creams, which are prohibited by Ivorian law.

“Mercury can lead to lung disease, respiratory disease or a decline in fertility and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer,” he said.

According to Dr. Eugenie Gangne, Director of Public Health and Environmental Health, pending the ratification of the Minamata Convention, Côte d’Ivoire relies on the contribution of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) towards building capacity on the use mercury and its derivatives.

“For some time, health professionals who use mercury have been informed of the harmful health aspects of mercury. So there is an organisation that is set up to sensitise these actors,” she said.

Dr Gustave Aboua, Director General of the Environment and Sustainable Development, said that Côte d’Ivoire would ratify the Minamata Convention by the end of 2018.

“The frank collaboration between ministries in the issue and the NGOs contributes to a plea for the government to permanently remove mercury from dental care. But the most important is also to present the alternatives,” Aboua stressed, even as he commended the contribution of civil society groups, including the African Centre for Environmental Health, in the fight against the harmful effects of mercury on health and the environment.

Exchanges and sharing of knowledge allowed the 38 participants to take full measure of the challenges of ratifying the Minamata Convention. Specialists in the dentistry sector made their contributions to advance the debate.

“The states that signed the Minimata Convention have actually found that there are real risks associated with the use of mercury. Unlike some countries such as Côte d’Ivoire, which do not have sufficient scientific means or even data or legal framework to control these risks, must opt ​​for prevention. And prevention is to sign the Minamata Convention,” pleaded Professor Koffi Yolande, Dean of the Training and Research Unit of Odonto-stomatology at the Felix Houphouet Boigny University in Abidjan.

At the close of the workshop, a draft decree on the protection of the population against heavy metal poisoning was validated by the participants.

Other key outcomes of the workshop were:

• A general consensus on the necessity to ban amalgam in children and all women
• A consensus to match the Minamata provisions regarding to mercury added products to be banned by 2020, especially those involved in health sector
• A final agreement on the ban of lead paint.

“We all worked to finalise and validate the draft decree eliminating amalgam use in children and women, mercury added products listed in Annex A part 1 of Minamata Convention and lead in paint.

“The draft decree that has been validated today allows, if it is adopted tomorrow, to ban mercury, dental amalgam in children under 15 years lactating women. This is a significant step forward for Côte d’Ivoire on the sidelines of the ratification of the Minamata Convention.

“Now, the lawyers from the Ministry of Health are putting the validated text according to the format the government wants to be written all the legal text to be signed by the President before its official submission by the Minister of Health,” said Kpokro.

The event was also graced by the Chief Dentist of the National Programme of Oral Health, representative of the Military Dentists, representatives of Dental Assistants, the Director of Toxicology Department of National Public Health Laboratory, BRS Convention Focal Points, dentists from teaching hospitals, public and private hospitals, environmentalists and chemists from public administration and universities, representatives from pharmaceutical laboratories, NGOs community, consumers groups, as well as media executives.