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Leveraging urbanisation for Rwanda’s economic transformation

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With support from the World Bank in the form of a $95 million Rwanda Urban Development project, the new Rwanda Economic Update focuses on the rapid pace of urbanisation. The report focuses on a correlation between job creation and a better connectivity to transport and access, as well as a need to increase the country’s urban dividend

Kigali
Kigali, Rwanda

“I came to Kigali about five years ago,” says 35-year-old Hassan Mudenge, a construction site assistant, “to look for a job and other opportunities. I can say I am now financially stable. I pay my rent regularly and send some money home to help my parents. And I am saving to build myself house in the village.”

His is the story of many young Rwandans who leave their homes in the country’s rural areas to seek work in fast-growing urban areas, especially in and around the capital city, Kigali.

Greater urbanisation is explicit in Rwanda’s plans for becoming a middle-income country by 2020. The World Bank is supporting the government’s urbanisation strategy with a $95 million Rwanda Urban Development Project that aims to provide basic infrastructure and services to six secondary cities around the country – Muhanga (formerly Gitarama), Rubavu (Gisenyi), Nyagatare, Huye (Butare), Rusizi (Cyangugu), and Musanze (Ruhengeri) – and to Kigali City, which makes up the core of the greater Kigali area.

The Bank’s new Rwanda Economic Update focuses on the rapid pace of urbanisation as its special topic: Rethinking Urbanisation in Rwanda: From Demographic Transition to Economic Transformation.

The report finds the urban share of Rwanda’s total population (now about 12 million) has increased far faster than official records suggest because the definitions of urban areas need streamlining. A 2012 census and 2014 household survey calculated the urban share of the population at 16.5 and 17.3 percent respectively.

However, using another, simple definition of urban, the report’s researchers found that the level of urbanisation had increased far more – from 15.8 percent to 26.5 percent between 2002 and 2015, an increase of 132 percent or almost two million people.

In other words, says the report, large scale urbanisation has already taken place in Rwanda.

 

Urbanisation and jobs

Despite rapid urbanisation, a dual migration pattern of internal migration is emerging: a move toward density in search of work, with districts of Kigali city attracting many migrants between 2011 and 2014 (29 percent of them). And a parallel move away from density in search of land, with a high share of migrants (33 percent) flocking to Rwanda’s less populated Eastern Province.

The Rubavu (Gisenyi) area on the border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is the only urban area other than Kigali that has significant appeal for internal migrants, as part of the busy transport corridor that runs from the DRC through Rwanda to the border with Uganda just north of Musanze.

Links between urban population density and non-farm job creation are particularly strong in Greater Kigali and the cores of the six secondary cities, the report says. Within 20 km of Kigali, and within 5 km of secondary cities, a 10 percent increase in density is associated with higher non-farm employment.

The estimated effect of urban population density on poverty reduction is similarly strong, with a 10 percent increase in density associated with a six percent drop in the rate of moderate poverty within a 5km radius of a secondary city in Rwanda.

 

Capitalising on demographic shift

As Rwanda draws up its long-term economic strategy for reaching high-income status (by 2050), how can it increase its urban dividend even more?

Effective public policy could provide an enabling environment for investment, says the report, rather than deciding where investments should be located. And towns and cities could be managed as part of a separate portfolio, with special support given to Kigali as the lead economy and recognition for the distinctive roles other cities play in the national economic geography as well.

Increasing economic (and not just population) density is also critical, particularly where opportunities for connecting urban peripheries to surrounding rural areas remain untapped. So far, urban expansion has followed a pattern of low density settlement.

“We need to work on the factors that attract people to towns to achieve this type of urbanisation and transform our cities into settlements,” says James Musoni, Rwanda’s Minister of Infrastructure. “We must be able to identify sites for settlement and source the funds we need to support that.”

And, while Kigali’s rapid expansion could be managed with more urban planning, the report says investment in other cities should focus on improving basic services.

“Urbanisation not only involves a demographic transition but, more importantly, facilitates socio-economic transformation,” says Narae Choi, World Bank Urban Development Specialist. “It is time to rethink the urbanisation strategy to leverage its potential for economic growth and the improvement of welfare.”

World needs broader appreciation of nature’s contributions to people – Experts

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Plentiful food, clean water and healthy air are among the most valuable and visible benefits of nature to people. This has reinforced the widespread, and increasingly controversial, belief that nature is mainly a source of services or commodities.

Professor Sandra Díaz
Professor Sandra Díaz

Writing in the journal Science, 30 global experts associated with the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), and led by Professor Sandra Díaz and Professor Unai Pascual, have presented an innovative new approach: the idea of using all of nature’s contributions to people to inform policies and decisions.

“For more than a decade, policies about nature have been dominated by knowledge from the natural sciences and economics,” said Sandra Díaz. “The vibrant research developed from this ‘ecosystem services’ approach – popularised by the landmark 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment – has advanced sustainability, but largely excluded insights and tools from the social sciences, humanities and other key world views.”

“The much broader notion of nature’s contributions to people emphasises that culture is central to all of the links between people and nature, and recognises other knowledge systems, for example those of local communities and indigenous peoples, much more than before.”

Sir Robert Watson, IPBES Chair and former co-chair of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, said: “Nature’s contributions to people are of critical importance to rich and poor in developed and developing countries alike. Nature underpins every person’s wellbeing and ambitions – from health and happiness to prosperity and security. People need to better understand the full value of nature to ensure its protection and sustainable use.”

“This new inclusive framework demonstrates that while nature provides a bounty of essential goods and services, such as food, flood protection and many more, it also has rich social, cultural, spiritual and religious significance – which needs to be valued in policymaking as well.”

“Food is a great example,” said Unai Pascual. “We all receive food from nature and food security is a key aspect that has typically been included in policies and decisions around the world, often measured in the context of calories per day, biological processes and economic value, for example. But we know that food is so much more. It’s at the center of cultural identities, art and basic human enjoyment. It is these kinds of non-material contributions from nature that the new approach seeks to represent and include in decisions about the way we relate with nature.”

One of the many concrete applications of this new approach is its uptake in large-scale expert assessments and how these are conducted. Professors Díaz and Pascual concur that nature’s contributions to people is a scientific advancement embracing, but going beyond the ecosystem services approach, which will increase the effectiveness and legitimacy of policies and decisions about nature. “This inclusiveness and equity among knowledge systems and perspectives will not only make assessment processes more legitimate; it will also lead to better policy results because we will be drawing from a much richer and wider information base”.

Four IPBES regional assessments (https://goo.gl/KqMeJo) of biodiversity and ecosystem services, expected to be released in March this year, have already included unprecedented efforts to tap indigenous and local knowledge, and nature’s contributions to people are already a central feature of the IPBES global assessment, expected in 2019.

“Nature’s contributions to people is an important evolution of and complement to the concept of ecosystem services,” said Anne Larigauderie, Executive Secretary of IPBES and one of the authors of the article. “It can improve the way we frame and understand the diversity and complex relations between people and nature. This more inclusive approach will also increase the relevance and value of expert evidence about nature in tackling international development commitments such as the Sustainable Development Goals.”

Several deaths due to extreme heat in Melbourne as Australia swelters

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Extreme heat has caused several deaths across the states in Victoria on Friday, January 19 2018, emergency services said, as five of the eight states and territories sweltered above 40 degrees Celsius.

Melbourne heat
Spectators at the Australian Open 2018 in Melbourne feel the extreme heat

Since Thursday, emergency workers responded to more than 30 cardiac arrest calls, a significant spike, and several of them had died, Ambulance Victoria’s state commander, Paul Holman, said.

“That will be due to the heat. The vulnerable in our community die as a result of this heat. Heat kills,” he said.

He did not say give an exact number of fatalities.

Police rescued four children from locked vehicles, including a 15-month-old baby, who was taken to a hospital due to heat distress.

Firefighters also had to battle about 10 fires across the state, but no communities were threatened.

Local newspaper The Age reported several Melbourne city hospitals enacted a “Code Yellow” and switched off all non-essential lights and equipment to conserve energy amid searing heat on Friday that topped 42 degrees Celsius, the hottest day for the past two years.

At the ongoing Australian Open tennis, several players suffered heat stress, including Frenchwoman, Alize Cornet, who needed medical attention in her third-round encounter with Belgium’s Elise Mertens.

In neighbouring South Australia, hospitals treated more than 50 people for heat-related illnesses, as temperatures soared above 46 degrees Celsius – the state’s third day of extreme heat.

No deaths were reported.

Organisers were forced to cancel a local cycling championship called Bupa Challenge involving thousands of non-professional cyclists.

Scientists confirm hottest global five-year period in recorded history

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The last five years have been the hottest on earth since records began, Australia’s Climate Council has confirmed.

Will Steffen
Will Steffen

Data released by the Climate Council and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) revealed that the global average temperature between 2013 and 2017 were the highest in any five-year period since global temperature has been tracked.

Will Steffen, a Climate Council scientist, said that 2017 was the third-warmest year on record and the warmest where temperatures were not boosted by an El Nino event in the southern Pacific.

The findings mean that 17 of world’s 18 warmest years have occurred this century.

“Temperatures and extreme weather records have toppled one after the other around the globe in 2017,” Steffen said in a media release on Friday, January 19, 2018.

“Australians have been touched by soaring temperatures, with some regions in New South Wales and South Australia experiencing daytime temperatures nearing 50 degrees (Celsius) last summer.

“Severe heat waves are silent killers, causing more deaths since the 1890s than bushfires, cyclones, earthquakes, floods and severe storms combined.”

The report was released as most of south-east Australia sweltered through a heat wave with Melbourne’s forecast maximum of 42 degrees Celsius on Friday; the hottest temperature the city has endured in two years.

The Climate Council also found that 260 low rainfall and high temperature records were broken in Australia’s winter of 2017 alone.

“Climate change is exacerbating extreme weather events across Australia and around the globe.

“This was obvious in 2017, from severe heat waves and bushfires, through to supercharged storms, cyclones and flooding,” Climate Council Chief Executive Officer, Amanda McKenzie, said.

Lagos urged to rid streets, highways of refuse

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An environmentalist, Mr John Ekoko, on Friday, January 19, 2018 urged the Lagos State Government to rid the streets of Lagos and highways of refuse.

Lagos refuse
Heaps of refuse along the Lawanson-Itire Road, by Lawanson Bus Stop, in Lagos. Photo credit: NAN

Ekoko made this call in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Lagos.

According to him, mountains of refuse have returned to the streets of Lagos while the whole area stinks of stench from decaying refuse all over the streets and highways.

“It is obvious that the New Lagos Clean Initiative, adopted by the State Government to clear refuse in Lagos, has failed.

“The refuse on Lagos streets is now the result of policy failure, which everyone is against in the country.

“Instead of stopping the existing system by fiat, the government should divide the state into zones and allow the other refuse operators to still perform their duties.

“If that has been done, Lagos would not have been in this mess and that the spirit of competition would allow sanity in the system,” he said.

Ekoko, who was the former Chairman of the Nigerian Environmental Society, Lagos Island chapter (NESLIC), said it was not too late for the state government to allow competition in the system.

He said that, by this way, the government would bring back life into its strategy of ensuring proper disposal of waste in the state.

Ekoko said that the disaster on the environment would manifest later in form of health risks as a result of contamination of water bodies and water borne diseases.

NAN reports that refuse is now an eyesore in each of the Local Government Areas of the state, as refuse dispersal has become rampant.

From Idumota area of Lagos Island to Oyingbo in Mainland, Ikeja, Kosofe, Apapa-Iganmu, Steve and Ajegune-Ajeromi among others, the situation was the same.

The Lagos State Government under its Clean Lagos Initiative, gave the task of refuse collection and disposal to Visionscape International, but it seems the task has overwhelmed the company.

By Chidinma Agu

CSOs back cattle colonies, say they will end herdsmen/farmers clashes

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The Network of Nigeria Civil Society Organisations said on Thursday, January 18, 2018 that it was in support of the Federal Government’s move to establish cattle colonies across the country.

New Zealand cattle
A herd of cattle

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the Network is a coalition of civil society groups.

Mr Slendour Agbonkpolor, the Director-General of the organisation, told newsmen in Abuja that he was disturbed over recent attacks on the Federal Government over its proposal to establish cattle colonies in the country.

According to the Federal Government, the proposed establishment of colonies will put an end to the herdsmen/farmers clashes in Nigeria.

Agbonkpolor said that the need to modernise cattle rearing had become more pressing, following perennial and persistent clashes across the nation.

He urged Nigerians to look beyond the ethnic, religious and politicisation of the issue and embrace it as it would benefit Nigeria.

“Nigeria will gain a lot from these cattle colonies because it will lead to more milk, more meat and the fact that Nigeria alone can feed the world with the protein demands.

“This can also create more than six million jobs for Nigerian youths.

“The organisation decided to chart the way forward with a nationwide forum that will reach out to all the wards across the 774 local government areas.

“This is to bring together stakeholders to discuss the economic benefits that abound in the cattle colonies initiative,” he said.

Agbonkpolor said that state to state town hall meetings would also be adopted by the organisation to sensitise the citizenry on the benefits of  cattle colonies and provoke deliberations and risk management opinions.

He said that the group would also establish orientation centres designed to train volunteers and equip them for massive sensitisation.

According to him, the group is a collaborative platform for all stakeholders aimed at fostering institutional mechanisms and concerted efforts that will deliver on strategic programmes .

Also speaking, Mr Dominic Ogakwu, the group’s Public Relations Officer, urged Nigerians to support the government’s cattle colonies initiative to curb incessant herdsmen attacks.

Ogakwu said that it was not every government initiative that should be politicised, adding that Nigerians should not bring religion or ethnicity into  the cattle colonies.

“We are tired of the crisis and if the cattle colonies will mark an end to herdsmen attacks, then I think we need to embrace it.

“This is because we are tired of the killings across the nation, so we are supporting the colonies at least it will stop the crisis,” he said.

By Angela Atabo

 

Kano to spend N500m as counterpart funding for erosion project

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The Kano State Government said it would spend N500 million in 2018 as counterpart funding for the World Bank’s Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) in the state.

Ali Makoda
Dr. Ali Makoda, Kano State Commissioner of Environment

The World Bank project is aimed at controlling gully erosion in Nigeria.

The state’s Commissioner for Environment, Dr Ali Makoda, made this known at the opening of a five-day in-house procurement meeting in Kano, the state capital, on Thursday, January 18, 2018.

The commissioner said that significant progress was recorded in the project in 2017 and that more advancement was expected in 2018.

According to him, nine areas have been sampled for the inauguration of the project.

He said that five of the nine projects would be pioneered for watershed management and four would be sampled for erosion control in some Local Government Areas in the state.

The National Coordinator of the project, Alhaji Dahiru Salisu, said that the state government had shown commendable commitment to the inauguration of the project in the state.

He said that the state was amongst those that would benefit from the additional funding from the World Bank in view of the progress made in project implementation.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that representatives of the 12 states benefitting from NEWMAP were in Kano for a five-day procurement clinic to review activities for the past year.

The 12 states are Akwa Ibom, Bauchi, Borno, Delta, Gombe, Kano, Katsina, Kogi, Nasarawa, Plateau, Oyo and Sokoto.

The Federal Government is expected to contribute 60 per cent to the fund, while the states are to provide the 40 per cent balance of the funding.

Other sources of funding include a concessional loan from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Trust Fund and Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) grants of $8.59 million.

The procurement meeting which began on Thursday is expected to last until Monday, January 22.

By Aisha Ahmed

Osinbajo inaugurates AfDB country office, hails $6b portfolio

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Vice President Yemi Osinbajo on Thursday, January 18, 2018 inaugurated the Country Office of the African Development Bank (AfDB) and hailed the bank’s $6 billion portfolio in Nigeria which he said enhanced job creation.

AfDB building Abuja
AfDB building in Abuja

Osinbajo said he was particularly delighted that the bank was working closely with the administration in addressing the challenges caused the people emerging from insurgency in the North East and militancy in the Niger Delta.

According to him, the bank’s portfolio was spread across 73 projects across the country.

“The bank’s inclusive basic delivery and livelihood empowerment integrated programme aimed at addressing the challenges in the North East in particular is commendable.

“The project will support youth, women and IDPs who have returned to their communities.

“An estimated population of more than 10 million affected people are expected to directly benefit from this project.

“More specifically, I thank the President and Board of the AFDB for their support to Nigeria at a very difficult time, during the 2015/2016 economic recession.

“When we requested support from the bank, the response was swift; the Bank approved the budget support loan of $1billion in Nov. 2016.

“The first tranche of $600 million has been fully disbursed and utilised and in my discussions with the President of the bank we will be getting the remainder in form of sector loans.

“So we are looking forward to the remaining $400 million.’’

According to the Vice President, the approval by AfDB sent a much needed positive signal to the markets at a critical time for Nigeria and the country will remain grateful.

Osinbajo said that as the people celebrated the inauguration of the banks world class edifice he would reiterate the commitment of the Buhari administration to the bank’s strategy in Nigeria.

It is the first time the bank has built a building outside it’s head offices structure in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

He said the strategy fully aligned with the country’s economic and growth plan of 2018 to 2020.

The Vice President congratulated the management, board of AfDB and their staff members for making the completion of the office a reality.

He said that the building was an important symbol of the special relationship between the bank and Nigeria, its founding member and its largest shareholder since inception.

He said that, since 1971, the Nigeria country office had served as the convening point between the bank, federal government, state governments and the private sector, adding that Nigeria had been instrumental to AfDB’s growth.

“As a major shareholder, a donor and a borrower at the same time we have through the years shared the bank’s  vision and objectives,’’ he stated.

Osinbajo recalled that since its founding in 1964, the AfDB had evolved as one of the most efficient vehicles for the economic development and integration of the continent.

He observed that it had faithfully played its role as a trusted adviser and an honest broker in the region and had earned its place as Africa’s voice on development issues.

“As the continent’s premier financial institution, it is at the centre of Africa’s transformation to bring real and lasting progress to the lives of African people.

“While Africa has made significant strides in economic growth and in poverty reduction, much remains to be done.

“The goal is clear: to eradicate poverty, create more inclusive social economic development and integrate the continent.

“To do this the continent needs to promote growth that creates jobs and provides economic opportunities for all.’’
Osinbajo recalled that when the bank’s President , Akinwumi Adesina, assumed office, he introduced the “High-Fives” by investing more in infrastructure as agriculture, water, power, education and healthcare and increased access to affordable energy.

The Vice President commended the AfDB for its efforts to close the gender gaps, empower women and youth and also to strengthen and expand social safety nets for the vulnerable populations.

He gave the assurance that, with its large population, the country would continue to play active role in the bank’s efforts in regional integration and the entire continent.

He said the country would be strong and committed partner which it already demonstrated by supporting the establishment of the $500 million Nigeria trust fund in 1976.

According to him, the trust fund had helped to transform the economies and improved the standards of millions of people in other African countries.

By Donald Ugwu

19 tomato growers associations in Katsina get farm implements

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The FADAMA III Additional Financing (AFII) Programme on Thursday, January 18, 2018 distributed farm implements to 19 tomato growers associations in Sandamu Local Government Area of Katsina State so as to boost their productivity.

Tomato farming
Tomato farming

Alhaji Bashir Zango, the State FADAMA Project Coordinator, who distributed the implements to the beneficiaries in Ruma district, said that the programme was sponsored by the state government, in collaboration with the farmers’ association.

He said that the implements included 57 water pumping machines, 1,900 water generating pipes and 57 insecticide sprayers, adding that 60 bags of fertiliser were also distributed.

He said that a total of 190 tomato growers would benefit from the gesture, adding that the farmers from 19 associations were carefully selected for the programme.

“Each farmer will receive three bags of fertilisers – one bag of urea and two NPK fertilisers.

“We will drill 57 tube wells for the farmers and each association will get three tube wells.

“We urge the beneficiaries to make judicious use of the items, as we will strictly monitor the programme implementation.

“We plan to expand the scope of the programme to accommodate more associations,’’ Zango said.

In his remarks, Alhaji Usman Ahmed, Director of Agriculture, Sandamu Local Government Council, represented by Mr Sada Rawayau, Head, Local Government Administration, commended the state government for the programme.

He said that the programme would provide employment opportunities for the youth, while alleviating poverty in the society in general.

“The programme will boost food security in the area, as tomato will be produced in commercial quantities.

“The market is ready and tomato sales will not be a problem for the farmers,’’ Rawayau added.

5,253 rural farmers benefit from FADAMA intervention in Anambra

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The Project Coordinator of FADAMA in Anambra State, Mr Chucks Egbueh, says 5, 253 farmers benefitted from the various interventions of the FADAMA III project in 2017.

rice-farming
Rice farming

Egbueh, at a parley with newsmen in Awka, the state capital, on Thursday, January 18, 2018  said that 4,000 of the beneficiaries were rice farmers, while the rest were into cassava production.

The FADAMA project coordinator said that the farmers were empowered in the areas of book keeping, training on land preparation, distribution of inputs like certified seedlings, cuttings, fertilisers and farming kits.

“FADAMA III Additional Financing project in Anambra was largely successful in 2017.

“During the year, we were able to empower about 5, 253 rural farmers in Anambra, we gave them training and expertise.

‘’We also gave them inputs like certified seeds, fertilisers and chemicals at 50 per cent subsidy.

‘‘We also gave them farming safety kits like rain boots, gloves, kits, glove and other related items at 80 per cent subsidy,” he said.

The project coordinator said that 239 youths were trained under its Graduate Unemployed Youths Scheme and qualified for take-off in February.

He said that the project embarked on 11 farm roads totalling 45 kilometres and five major irrigation projects in the state.

Egbueh said that the irrigation projects had reached 60 per cent completion stage, assuring that both infrastructure works would be delivered by the end of February.

He described the attitude of farmers to migrating from the traditional ways of farming to modern methods as positive and encouraging.

Egbueh said that the change was encouraged with the juicy incentive that was part of the empowerment packages of FADAMA.

By Chimezie Anaso

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