A waste management expert, Prof. Oladele Osibanjo, on Wednesday, December 20, 2017 said public toilets could be used as resource centres for production of biogas, if properly harnessed.
Prof. Oladele Osibanjo
Osibanjo, Managing Director of Jawura Environmental Services Ltd and also President, Waste Managers Society of Nigeria (WAMSON), made this known in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Lagos.
Biogas, according to Wikipedia, refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
“Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste.’’
Osibanjo, a Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, urged the federal and state governments to start looking at the public toilets in an innovative way and invest in building more.
“In some countries, public toilets have been turned to opportunities of using human waste to make biogas for cooking.
“Public toilets are no longer seen as a nuisance, but as agents to create green economy.
“Unfortunately in Nigeria, public toilets are inadequate, grossly inefficient and poorly maintained.
“Some public toilets are eyesores and so unhygienic with many people patronising them, even with scarcity of water,’’ the WAMSON president said.
Osibanjo said that many people residing in urban areas did not have access to good toilet systems.
He said that they resorted to throwing faeces and excrement in open places, drainage channels, rivers and dump sites.
The waste manager urged the federal and state governments to build more public toilets in strategic places and outsource to experts for conversion of human waste to biogas.
The WAMSON president said that when human waste was not properly managed, it always lead to outbreaks of diseases associated with poor sanitary conditions.
Nigerian National Parks Service on Wednesday, December 20, 2017 signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Nature Investors West Africa Ltd. on technical and financial support for conservation activities at Gashaka Gumti National Park.
The Gashaka Gumti National Park
The Conservator-General of the Park Service, Ibrahim Goni, and the Director of Nature Investor West Africa Ltd., Olajide Layele, signed the agreement in Abuja.
Goni said that the agreement was a milestone for the Service in its efforts to boost wildlife protection and conservation activities in Gashaka Gumti National Park, located in Adamawa and Taraba states, in a professional manner to achieve maximum results.
“The support will be specifically in the areas of conservation, research and tourism activities of the park.
“The support is to fund and support surveillance training, anti-poaching patrols as well as patrol, research and tourism equipment supplies,’’ he said.
Goni said that the agreement would last for 30 years, from the date of its signing, adding that it could be renewed for another 30 years, subject to ratification of both parties.
The conservator-general thanked Nature Investors West Africa Ltd. for deciding to partner with the service.
“Nature Investors West Africa Ltd. had since proved to be a reliable partner by previously assisting the park in joint patrols and repairs of patrol vehicles, even before the idea of the partnership was conceived.
“I also ask that it should extend its support to other parks across the country so as to strengthen their capacity in conservation, research and tourism activities,’’ he said.
In his response, Olajide thanked the conservator-general for the understanding and assured him of the maximum support of his company.
He also said that his company was in the process of floating a non-governmental organisation, which would eventually be the counterparty in the agreement.
He said that the two parties would thereafter set up a Local Organising Committee to oversee the implementation of the partnership agreement.
Ethiopia has signed an agreement to build two geothermal power plants at a combined cost of $4 billion to be run by the country’s first privately-owned utility.
A geothermal power plant
The Corbetti and Tulu Moye plants will produce a combined 1,000 mega watts power upon completion in eight years time in the volcanically-active Rift Valley south of the capital Addis Ababa.
Ethiopia is eager to meet rising energy demand from its industries as well as becoming the continent’s biggest exporter of energy.
“No doubt the success of this effort will have a significant impact in the country’s future economic well-being,” said Azeb Asnake, the Chief Executive of state-run Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP).
The project’s equity investors include the Paris-based asset manager, Meridiam, as well as the Africa Renewable Energy Fund and InfraCo Africa – funds that focus on infrastructure.
As Ethiopia’s first privately-owned utility, the project will be operated by the developers for a period of 25 years.
In an economy traditionally dominated by state spending, the government has suggested that the nascent sector could be a model for increased private investment.
“Going forward, the government recognises the added value to be gained by working in partnership with the private sector, specifically in sharing with it the burden of investment for large-scale power generation,” said Seleshi Bekele, the Minister of Water, Irrigation and Electricity.
Under a new 2015-2020 development plan, Addis Ababa wants to raise power generation to 17,346 mw from a current capacity of just over 4,300 mw from hydropower, wind and geothermal sources.
It has an array of projects under construction, including the $4.1 billion Grand Renaissance Dam along its share of the Nile River that will churn out 6,000 mw at full capacity upon completion within the next 10 years.
But the country’s power ambitions have also caused disputes.
Egypt – solely dependent on the Nile – is concerned that the Renaissance Dam will reduce the river’s flow.
Both countries are currently at odds over the project’s technical details.
Managing Director of Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company (SNEPCo), Bayo Ojulari, and three other senior engineers with Shell companies in Nigeria have been conferred with the fellowship of The Nigerian Society of Engineers, the highest professional recognition in engineering practice in Nigeria.
L-R: President, The Nigerian Society of Engineers, Otis Oliver Anyaeji; Engineering Manager, Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company (SNEPCo), Debo Oladunjoye; and Managing Director of SNEPCo, Bayo Ojulari at the investiture of Oladunjoye and Ojulari as Fellows of the Nigeria Society of Engineers in Abuja
The three others are SNEPCo’s Engineering Manager, Debo Oladunjoye; Projects Delivery and Assurance Manager of Shell Petroleum Development Company, Walter Egemba; and Project Manager, Bonga South West Project, Woji Weli, who bagged the NSE fellowship early in the year.
Each of the four conferees has nearly three decades of engineering practice in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria and overseas.
“We found them worthy not only in knowledge and character, but also in practice, experience and professionalism to deserve their admission into the board of fellows of the distinguished society of engineers,” said NSE President, Oliver Anyaeji, at the conferment ceremony in Abuja on Friday, December, 15, 2017.
Ojulari’s honour came barely a year after he received the prestigious PSRG-Richardson Special Achievement Award in Health, Security, Safety and Environment (HSSE), and also the 2016 Professional Award by the Petroleum Technology Association of Nigeria (PETAN), an association of indigenous technical oilfield service companies.
Speaking shortly after his induction as an NSE fellow, Ojulari described the recognition by the engineering body as a further challenge to do more for the profession through selfless service to the oil and gas industry for the development of Nigeria.
L-R: Projects Delivery and Assurance Manager of Shell Petroleum Development Company, Walter Egemba; Project Manager Bonga South West of Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company, Woji Weli; Vice President, Shell Nigeria and Gabon, Peter Costello; Managing Director of SNEPCo, Bayo Ojulari; and SNEPCo Engineering Manager, Debo Oladunjoye; at a reception by Costello for them as Fellows of the Nigeria Society of Engineers in Lagos
“I thank Shell for giving me the opportunity to attain this level of professionalism but the best gratitude is to rededicate myself to further development of local capacity in the Nigerian oil and gas industry in a manner that demonstrates exemplary leadership and professional discipline,” he said.
Reacting to the conferment of NSE fellowship on four engineers of Shell companies in Nigeria within a year, Shell’s Vice President, Nigeria and Gabon, Peter Costello, commended the NSE for seeing the value that Shell companies and their crop of professional engineers bring not only to the profession but also to Nigeria. “This goes a long way to validate Shell’s commitment to indigenous manpower development and its encouragement and support to staff to attain the peak in their professional careers,” said Costello who is also an engineer with decades of experience.
Current and future suitability maps for 54 species that are commonly used as shade in agroforestry systems in Central America are the main feature of a new Atlas by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in collaboration with Bioversity International and The Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Centre (CATIE).
Kauê de Sousa of Bioversity International
The Atlas is titled “‘Suitability of key Central American agroforestry species under future climates”.
The 54 species that were selected include 24 species of fruit trees, 24 timber trees and six species used to improve soil conditions.
“The main objective of the Atlas is to address a current knowledge gap in detailed information about suitable areas for key agroforestry species in Central America,” said Kauê de Sousa of Bioversity International who is the main author of the study. “The agroforestry practice of integrating trees within cocoa or coffee, silvopastoral or smallholder timber systems is key to the development of strategies for climate-smart agriculture in the region. It is important to know where a species remains suitable under future climatic conditions to be able to give practical advice to farmers and tree growers.”
The Atlas is said to address the knowledge gap by providing detailed suitability maps for each species. Detailed mapping was possible by substantially expanding previously available data sets of known presence locations (locations where a species was documented to be suitable in Latin America and the Caribbean) and by applying powerful species distribution modelling methods. The future climates correspond to Representative Concentration Pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for the 2050s. Four RCPs (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5) were introduced in the latest assessment report of the IPCC. These scenarios describe possible future climates that depend on potential changes in greenhouse gas emissions. RCP4.5 represents an intermediate emissions scenario, whereas RCP8.5 is a high emissions scenario.
Ensemble suitability methods were applied using the BiodiversityR package, an open-source software package developed by Roeland Kindt, a senior ecologist at the World Agroforestry Centre and one of the co-authors of the Atlas. The software modelled species distributions with bioclimatic variables obtained from WorldClim for the baseline climate (1960–1990).
Distribution maps for the middle of the 21st century were obtained via future climate data generated by 17 global climate change models. Ensemble future distribution maps for each RCP are based on consensus among 17 future distribution maps generated for each species. Maps projecting future distribution were compared with the current distribution maps to evaluate the potential changes in the distribution of each species.
Reflecting on the results, Maarten van Zonneveld of Bioversity International and scientist in diversity analysis for conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources, mentioned that the results indicated that the modelled distribution for 30 species reduces under both climate change scenarios. The most threatened species include N-fixing ice-cream bean trees (Inga spp.), the delicious cherimoya (Annona cherimola), the economically important avocado (Persea americana), and the solid timber species Handroanthus ochraceus. Ten species are expected to increase their distribution under both climate change scenarios including the underutilised fruit species Averrhoa bilimbi, coconut (Cocos nucifera), cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco), Spanish lime (Melicoccus bijugatus) and the majestic rain-tree (Albizia saman).
Jenny Ordonez of the World Agroforestry Centre and a specialist in agroforestry systems and functional ecology emphasises that “the atlas provides a first approximation of this kind in the region, to assess which species might be vulnerable or tolerant to expected climate change. Agroforestry practices are one of the main strategies for developing climate smart agriculture and as such are widely advocated by research and development organisations alike in this region. The results of the Atlas are therefore an important tool to support the design of agroforestry practices taking into account potential impacts of climate change. The maps provided should be used in combination with other information sources from technicians and farmers to fine-tune the selection of species for designing climate proof agroforestry systems.”
Jonathan Cornelius, regional coordinator from ICRAF, concludes that “many of the trees that farmers are planting and managing now will need to remain productive up to and beyond 2050. This important publication provides a firm foundation for building the climate-smart agroforestry that farmers need, based on the best currently available information about future climates and species’ requirements.”
This work was made possible through the financial support of the CGIAR research program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA; supported by the CGIAR Fund Donors); the CGIAR research program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS; supported by the CGIAR Fund Donors) and HIVOS.
The 2017 global land and ocean temperature will likely end among the three warmest years on record, and is expected to be the warmest year without a warming El Niño.
WMO Secretary-General, Petteri Taalas
The first 11 months of the year were the third warmest on record, behind 2016 and 2015, with much-warmer-than-average conditions engulfing much of the world’s land and ocean surfaces, according to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverage remain at near record lows.
“What is more important than the ranking of an individual year is the overall, long-term trend of warming since the late 1970s, and especially this century,” said World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) senior scientist, Omar Baddour. “Along with rising temperatures, we are seeing more extreme weather with huge socio-economic impacts,” he said.
The WMO will combine datasets from NOAA, NASA GISS, and the Met Office Hadley Centre and Climatic Research Unit (UK) for a consolidated temperature ranking for 2017. WMO uses data from ECMWF and Japan Meteorological Agency, and reanalyses with a much wider range of input data, including measurements from satellites. They provide better coverage of regions, such as polar regions, where observations are historically sparse.
The consolidated global figure harmonises the datasets, which show different results because of the way they represent the relatively warm conditions that have predominated over both the Arctic and the Antarctic. Differences in estimates of sea-surface temperature are a further factor.
NOAA said the month of November was the fifth warmest on record, whilst NASA and ECMWF Copernicus Climate Change Service both said it was the third warmest.
La Niña conditions prevailed across the tropical Pacific Ocean during November 2017. According to WMO’s latest Update, weak La Niña conditions are expected to persist through the Northern Hemisphere winter.
During November 2017, warmer-than-average temperatures dominated across much of the world’s land and ocean surfaces, with the most notable temperature departures from average across the Northern Hemisphere. Parts of the western contiguous U.S., northern Canada, northern and western Alaska, western Asia and Far Eastern Russia had temperature departures from average that were +2.0°C (+3.6°F) or greater, according to NOAA.
Arctic warming
As an indication of swift regional climate change in and near the Arctic, the average temperature observed at the weather station at Utqiaġvik has now changed so rapidly that it triggered an algorithm designed to detect artificial changes in a station’s instrumentation or environment and disqualified itself from the NCEI Alaskan temperature analysis.
Utqiaġvik (pronounced OOT-ki-aag’-vik) sits near Point Barrow, the northernmost point in America, on the Arctic Coast of northern Alaska. Now recognised by its Iñupiat place name, it is still commonly known as “Barrow”.
Elsewhere in the Arctic, a separate analysis from the ECMWF Copernicus Climate Change service said that November’s temperature was more than 6°C above average in parts of Svalbard, as it was in October.
Arctic temperatures continue to increase at double the rate of the global temperature increase.
A NOAA-sponsored report shows that the warming trend transforming the Arctic persisted in 2017, resulting in the second warmest air temperatures, above average ocean temperatures, loss of sea ice, and a range of human, ocean and ecosystem effects.
Now in its 12th year, the Arctic Report Card, is a peer-reviewed report that brings together the work of 85 scientists from 12 nations.
“While 2017 saw fewer records shattered than in 2016, the Arctic shows no sign of returning to the reliably frozen region it was decades ago,” said the Arctic report card.
A separate report, published in the “Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society” (BAMS), said that last year’s record global average temperatures, extreme heat over Asia, and unusually warm waters in the Bering Sea would not have been possible without human-caused climate change.
“This report marks a fundamental change,” says Jeff Rosenfeld, editor-in-chief of BAMS. “For years scientists have known humans are changing the risk of some extremes. But finding multiple extreme events that weren’t even possible without human influence makes clear that we’re experiencing new weather, because we’ve made a new climate.”
China has detailed plans for the world’s largest emissions trading system covering more than 1,700 power companies and three billion tonnes in total greenhouse gas emissions.
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Deputy Director, Zhang Yong, addressing a press conference in Beijing
The market will be set up to “control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote green low-carbon development,” said National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Deputy Director, Zhang Yong, at a press conference in Beijing on Tuesday, December 19, 2017.
Trading will begin after a period of “preparatory work” and will “gradually expand market coverage” to include “other high-energy-consuming and high-emission industries,” said Li Gao, Director, Climate Department, NDRC.
The national emissions trading system was approved last week by China’s State Council. Pilot schemes have been set up in seven provinces and cities in China, the first in 2013.
“China joins a growing number of jurisdictions, such as California, the EU and South Korea, which are using market-based measures to cut climate emissions in a cost-effective and efficient way,” said Dirk Forrister, President and CEO of the International Emissions Trading Association, in reaction to the news. “China will have the world’s largest carbon market, drawing lessons from these other markets to ensure that it works in harmony with other national policies. We commend the Chinese government for taking these steps to realize its long-term vision.”
Some 42 national and 25 subnational jurisdictions are pricing carbon. The European Union Emissions Trading System, currently the largest carbon market, covers about 1.75 billion tonnes of emissions.
After the New Year break, the Federal Government may have some axe to grind with Nigerians if it goes on with its proposed sale of national assets to finance budgets.
L-R: Achike Chude of Joint Action Front (JAF); Akinbode Oluwafemi, Deputy Executive Director of Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria (ERA/FoEN); Benjamin Anthony, National President of Amalgamated Union of Public Corporation, Civil Service Technical and Recreational Service Employees (AUPCTRE); and Yusuf Zambuk, Secretary-General of AUPCTRE at the press briefing in Lagos on Tuesday, December 19, 2017
It will have to contend with different labour unions, associations and civil society organisations (CSOs) who have mapped out plan of action to stop the proposed sale of national assets.
The groups, including Amalgamated Union of Public Corporation, Civil Service Technical and Recreational Service Employees (AUPCTRE), Centre for Social Change and Citizenship Education (CENSORCHANGE) and Joint Action Front (JAF), made this known in Lagos on Tuesday, December 19, 2017 at a press conference anchored by the Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria (ERA/FoEN).
Ben Akabueze of the budget office had hinted that government would have to dispose of some national assets like the National Theatre, Iganmu, and the Tafawa Balewa Square (TBS), Onikan, all in Lagos, to fund national budgets from 2018 to 2020.
Urging government not to sell off Nigeria’s national assets, the coalition vowed to mobilise Nigerians to ground the country, if government fails to hearken to their advice.
Deputy executive director of ERA/FoEN, Akinbode Oluwafemi, wondered what would happen when government has no more assets to sell.
“After selling the national assets, what else? Probably they would resort to selling citizens to finance budgets,” he said.
According to him, even America, the capital of capitalism, cultural national assets and monuments are still preserved.
The national president of AUPCTRE, Benjamin Anthony, said the union “is against the sale of our national assets.”
He noted that if the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) generated over N1 trillion in 10 months as reported and with the revenue from crude oil, “why should we be selling assets to fund budget?”
For him, Nigerian leaders believe strongly in corruption, otherwise “why don’t they sell Railway?”
National secretary-general of AUPCTRE, Yusuf Zambuk, described the sale of national assets as prodigality.
He said with all the resources in Nigeria, human and material, how could a government not generate enough money to fund budget?
“If you have serious set of people in government, would they leave the old Federal Secretariat in Ikoyi to be rotting away?” he asked. “That can be converted to a hotel and generate capital therefrom.”
Capitalism, he added, is about borrowing from banks to produce goods and make profit; “it is not about selling national assets.”
Achike Chude of JAF, a coalition of about 25 CSOs, said the Nigerian government is peopled by a rapacious set with no interest other than theirs.
He lamented that “they have continued borrowing to finance budget deficit for over 25 years”, adding that it is not sustainable.
Describing government’s privatisation policy as assets stripping, he noted that “we have been complacent for over issues like this for too long. We need to properly mobilise because we believe we will win this war.”
The pioneer chairman of AUPCTRE, Lagos chapter, Ayodele Akele, commended AUPCTRE, adding: “I am stigmatised across governments and I don’t have any apology for that.”
He vowed to mobilise as many groups as he could to join AUCPTRE in the agitation to stop the sale of national assets.
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) has been granted a permit to carry out Confined Field Trials (CFT) of genetically modified (GM) cassava (AMY3 RNAi Transgenic lines).
Dr Nteranya Sanginga, Director General of the IITA
This is contained in a statement signed by IITA Head of Communication, Mrs Catherine Lopez, and made available to News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) on Tuesday, December 19, 2017 in Ibadan, Oyo State.
The statement said that the research, carried out in collaboration with ETHZ Plant Biotechnology Lab in Zurich, was aimed at reducing starch breakdown in storage roots of cassava after pruning the shoots, prior to harvest of the crop.
It also said that the objective was to obtain storage roots with lower post-harvest physiological degradation, without any loss of the nutritious starch.
It noted that cassava was an important starchy food crop in sub-Saharan Africa as well as other tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
The statement said that one of the challenges facing cassava farmers in the country was the high level of post-harvest losses, caused by rapid deterioration of the starch-rich roots which occurred naturally after harvesting.
“Though the post-harvest deterioration can be reduced by pruning the shoots of cassava plants without unearthing the roots, but this poses a problem.
“The problem is that the desirable starch, stored in the root, can be degraded by the plant after pruning, which, in turn, lowers the harvest yield and root quality.
“To address this, a research project was conceived at ETH Zurich where cassava plants using cultivar 60444 were generated.
“They were generated using RNAi as the tool to try to reduce starch breakdown in the root after pruning of the shoots.
“Extensive testing was carried out in greenhouses in Switzerland, where the plants were grown for three consecutive years.
“Our greenhouse experiments were an important first step but they cannot be a substitute for genuine field conditions.
“Hence, it is necessary to grow the plants in a tropical climate such as that of Nigeria; IITA is an excellently equipped and well-staffed institute that could perform such a confined field trial.’’
The statement said the CFT permit, which was issued by the National Biosafety Management Agency in accordance with the National Biosafety Agency Act 2015, was for the period between Sept. 22, 2017 and Dec. 31, 2018.
It said that the research was a fact-gathering process, aimed at gaining fundamental knowledge about starch metabolism in the storage root, about cassava as a crop.
“As part of the experiment, re-growth of stem cuttings from the plants will also be assessed, since re-growth may also depend on starch stored in the stem.
“This is important since cassava is normally propagated by stem cuttings and not by seed.
“The primary beneficiaries of the knowledge gained from this research (and its eventual application for cassava improvement) would be cassava farmers in Nigeria and other regions,” the statement added.
A veterinarian, Dr Mutiu Oladele-Bukola of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Ibadan, on Tuesday, December 19, 2017 urged poultry farmers to protect their birds against the vagaries of weather during harmattan.
Poultry farming
Oladele-Bukola gave the advice in an interview with News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Ibadan, Oyo State.
He said that the harmattan season, which occurred between the end of November and mid-March, could be cold in most places and hot in some places, depending on the circumstances.
He said that harmattan wind was considered a natural hazard because during its passage, the wind picked up dust particles and could push large quantities of sand, provoking the spread of wind-borne diseases for thousands of kilometres.
“During this period, chicken easily come down with all sorts of pulmonary (lung) diseases, which really compromise the respiratory processes and eventually hamper poultry performance.
“The best prophylactic measure that could be taken against the adverse effects of the cold, dry and dust-laden wind was to optimise the thermal micro-environment and ventilation by insulating the poultry house.
“Early in the morning and late at night, temperatures always drop and induce cold; therefore, poultry houses (pens) should be well-covered.
“Then, farmers should serve large quantities of more energetic feeds to chickens to generate heat, while in the afternoon, which is assumed to be hot, little or no feeds should be served.
“However, cold water, containing a lot of anti-stress agents (vitamins), should be made available to the chickens, as they serve to cool the body temperatures of the birds,” he said.
The veterinarian also underscored the need to plant highly shady trees around the pen, so as to serve as windbreaks and prevent direct heat on the pen.
He said that carpet grasses could also be planted round the pen to prevent wind from blowing dust and heat from oozing out of the ground.
Oladele-Bukola urged farmers to always provide shade for water tanks to avoid direct exposure to sunrays and increase the number of chicken waterers to enable all the birds to have access to water.
“Sprinklers could be used during afternoon to shower the rooftop, while providing foggers and fans inside the pen as coolants.
“Dusty nets should be cleaned using wet rags or foams; ice blocks could be provided in the water tanks for the birds to have access to cool water, especially in the hot afternoon,” he said.
He, however, called on the government to create farm settlements that would supply all the necessary facilities to poultry houses at affordable rates.
Oladele-Bukola said that all the poultry farm inputs should be provided to farmers at subsidised rates.
He said that the government should also encourage poultry farmers to form cooperative societies or join the Poultry Farmers Association of Nigeria in their neighbourhoods so as to facilitate exchange of ideas on best poultry practices.
He said that the cooperative societies would aid the government’s efforts to have access to the poultry farmers whenever the need arose.
“Government should create various farmers markets to enable farmers to display their products.
“It can also buy produce from farmers at normal price during the time of glut for preservation and eventual sales to the public at subsidised rates during the periods of scarcity,” he added.
