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Youthfulness and 21st century Yoruba kingship

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For about six years now, tradition and youthfulness have been cohabiting in some notable Yoruba kingdoms, and the result of this is visible civilisation within these environs. The practice, which commenced with the enthronement of Oba Saheed Ademola Elegushi (Kesenla III), was not without initial criticisms because no one would have thought that a ‘youthful’ mind capable of the vast intelligence and maturity that became manifest in the Elegushi’s ability to continue to keep Ikateland together, and attract development to the kingdom.

Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, the Ooni of Ife (right). Photo credit: politicoscope.com
Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, the Ooni of Ife (right). Photo credit: politicoscope.com

The enormous responsibilities of kingship is enough reason to inspire doubts about the aptitudes of new generation of Yoruba Kings to act as custodians of our traditions, and perhaps consider them unworthy of ascending the thrones of their forefathers.  Although time has come to establish as myopic, our thinking that youthfulness could rob these middle-aged kings of the capacity to provide appropriate leadership and exercise sound judgement. Our blinkered minds, predicated on deep-seated attachment to culture and tradition, have changed dramatically to embrace the freshness of youthfulness.

Like other people, I had thought that his Master’s degree in Economics and extensive public service experience could not have sufficiently prepared him for a reign over three million people – a kingdom which is almost the size of Kuwait, although not as endowed, but as demographically diverse as Kuwait. It was natural to reason that ‘Demola (Kabiyesi ooo!  Omo Iroko lawe. Omo Kusenla. Mi o r’ Oba fin o, aroba fin, l’Oba n pa) might not fittingly glide into the expansive shoes of the former Elegushi, Oba Yekini Adeniyi Elegushi, his father whose influence cut across ethnic and religious barriers.

Alas! Oba Saheed Ademola Elegushi (Kusenla III) has demonstrated that youthfulness midwifes innovation. His reign over Ikateland has shown that Nigerian youths are ready for leadership responsibilities. As the mascot of his generation of Kings, Kusenla III’s selfless and practical outlook is telling of the depth and resourcefulness of our generation of Nigerian youths. In realistic terms, the perceived risk of entrusting Ikateland, a historically significant town, into the hands of a 34-year-old man six years back, is now widely adjudged an advantage.

Ikateland would have lost the benefits of Oba Ademola Elegushi’s mental agility to a cosmetic barrier mounted by age, but the progenitors of Ikateland would not renege on their covenant of development and progress. Accordingly, they made possible his ascension to their throne for activation of the age-long agreement of advancement and relevance cut with his predecessors.

Just as Oba Ademola Elegushi, fate singled-out youthful Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi for rulership of Ile-Ife as the Ooni. The new Ooni, a self-made and hardworking young man, is not just expected to steer the affairs of Ile-Ife as seamlessly as the enigmatic and stylish Oba Okunade Sijuade (Olubuse II), he also has a divine mandate to foster the unity of the Yoruba race.

Oba Adewusi’s ascension to the supreme throne of Ooni comes with huge responsibilities. His tasks are herculean and compounded by some deep cultural issues with complicated age-long rivalry amongst Yoruba Kings. But in his ‘youthful’ wisdom, the Ojaja II from Giesi Ruling House has signalled the birth a new Yoruba race with his unscheduled visit to the Alafin of Oyo, Oba Lamidi Olayiwola Adeyemi on his 45th coronation anniversary. As the first Ooni to visit Oyo town since 1937, it is clear that the Arole Odua is a different kind of King and a man of great wisdom. Ooni Adeyeye is a youthful royal father gifted with the wisdom of King Solomon, like his royal brother, Oba Saheed Ademola Elegushi (Kesenla III).

Now, Ile-Ife will have more than heritage and Obafemi Awolowo University, my alma mater, as attractions. With the N7.2 billion estate and resort centre which will potentially employ 5,000 indigenes and empower 20,000 widows, Ooni Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi is turning my late mother’s hometown into a major tourist attraction.  Should I ask if you perceive the socio-economic development championed by these young Kings? Okay, wait till Oba Saheed Ademola Elegushi unfolds his transformational plans for Ikateland in the coming months!

Iwo town is the new centre of youth empowerment. The newly installed Oluwo of Iwo, His Royal Majesty, Oba Rasheed Adewale Akanbi is another man from this generation of youths who signposts our collective vision to take Nigeria to the next level.  After his coronation, the Oluwo of Iwo, Oba Akanbi (Ilufemiloye Telu1), announced that his reign would take Iwo to the “Promised Land”, and his subjects understood that the ancient town of Iwo has commenced a journey to renaissance.

This theme vibrates across the land because it is the song on the lips of every Nigerian youth. We need to involve youths more in governance and social administration for better results. Now is the time to take advantage of youthfulness for national growth, economic development and better infrastructure. The energy, resources and knowledge to take Nigeria out of doldrums abound in this generation of youths.

The soothing wind of transformation is blowing across the land. Even though the esteemed throne of Olubadan might not immediately be available for manning by a middle-aged man because of the town’s unique traditional system of governance. The route to the throne is hierarchical ascension from two lineages (Egbe Agba and Egbe Balogun) through alternating system and each lineage has 23 positions before the throne.

From the records, it takes between 38 and 40 years, for a Mogaji (the next-in-line to the Olubadan) to become an Olubadan, and progression to Mogaji also takes about 40 years too. Therefore, the probability of a young man being King over Ibadan is slim. However, with Chief Abiodun Kola Daisi, the Ekarun Olubadan, rumoured ceding of his position to one of his sons who is a little over 40, Ibadan might just be getting ready for an unusually young Olubadan. This indicates belief in the capacity of this generation of youths to lead transformation, and champion developmental initiatives.

The young Elegushi of Ikateland, Oba Saheed Ademola Elegushi (Kusenla III), has proven through his conducts that youthfulness is an ingredient of social development. Thereafter, Arole Odua, Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, the Ooni of Ife, showed the world that this generation is about peace, progress and unity, just within that frame, the Oluwo of Iwo, Oba Rasheed Adewale Akanbi, amplified the aspiration of every Nigerian youth to turn Nigeria into the promised land.

Except we want to shy away from the truth, culture is more delicate and complex than governance, and youths are acting as better custodians and harbingers of our traditions. I reckon that for Nigeria to record the long-sought transformation that will bring happiness to every citizen, youth empowerment and involvement in social administration, might just be the key.

 By Olusola Mathew Fafure (youth empowerment advocate. Based in Lagos, he can be reached via omf4us@gmail.com)

REDD+ offers powerful lessons for green growth

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Ten years of experience from REDD+ can give low-emission development strategies a head start, writes Christopher Martius in Forest News. The article forms part of the CGIAR (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Low-emission development strategies are starting to grow - and would benefit from learning from REDD+. Photo credit: Mokhammad Edliadi/CIFOR
Low-emission development strategies are starting to grow – and would benefit from learning from REDD+. Photo credit: Mokhammad Edliadi/CIFOR

Climate-smart economic development doesn’t have to start from scratch. With a decade of experience and a wealth of research to draw on, REDD+ offers very useful lessons – knowledge that should help green-growth strategies leapfrog many stumbling blocks.

Low-emission development strategies (LEDS) aim to grow economies without growing a country’s carbon footprint – and might even shrink it – while freeing people from poverty and setting up economies that are resilient to a more hostile climate.

LEDS projects – in energy, agriculture, forestry and finance – are already underway in several countries, and this past week, stakeholders have beengathering at COP21 in Paris also to review progress. Like so many good sustainability endeavors, however, making LEDS a reality is easier said than done.

For about a decade now, REDD+ schemes have been run in a variety of countries around the tropics.
Despite slow progress toward a global compliance trade in carbon, almost 40 countries are committed to REDD+, weaving it into their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). The INDCs indicate countries’ willingness to contribute to a new international climate agreement.

Globally, there are over 330 REDD+ initiatives, and researchers have explored their design and operation from many angles – social, economic and environmental – amassing an impressive body of literature. There are now over 350 papers in CIFOR‘s (Centre for International Forestry Research) Global Comparative Study on REDD+ alone that dissect REDD+ from every angle.

REDD+ began mainly as a way to keep forest carbon stocks intact, perhaps with a few co-benefits for biodiversity and communities on the side. But REDD+ proponents soon realised that unless they took non-carbon issues seriously, their efforts would amount to little.

Social equity, gender issues, livelihoods, private and public finance, land rights and tenure security, food security, biodiversity conservation, governance and law enforcement – these are not side issues; dealing with them is core to the success of REDD+.

The knowledge now available includes national policy and practice, institutional learning at different levels, on-ground deployment, benefit sharing among stakeholders, safeguards, and measuring, reporting and verifying (MRV) emissions reductions.

 

Lessons For Success

Climate-smart economies won’t come about unless key stakeholders and sectors gather at the table, “talk” to each other, and work in good faith towards a common goal.

In the sustainability arena, the mantra has long been that planning and policymaking need to be “integrated” or “holistic.” Joined up, that is, and not trapped in the traditional silos of this or that department, ministry, sector, jurisdiction, interest group, or link in the supply chain. Researchers call this the “challenge of multilevel governance.”

Actually putting integrated decision-making into practice, however, is not straightforward. Indeed, this is one of the most salient lessons of REDD+.

And then there is the political economy of land management. Vested interests in carbon-heavy growth strategies seldom sit well with efforts to cut either poverty or carbon emissions.

In many tropical countries, powerful groups and individuals depend on the ongoing conversion of forests and will often tip land-use decisions in their favor. Where governance is weak, powerful people readily find ways to work around official policy, laws and regulations. This is one reason why deforestation continues to be a source of high emissions in many tropical countries.

It also means that multi-stakeholder processes and improved coordination, whether in REDD+ or in LEDS, won’t make much difference unless the dominant development models are challenged. If we ignore these inherent conflicts, we are not only guilty of naïveté, but we’ll also never move beyond toothless green rhetoric.

Moreover, inclusive design of REDD+ is a must-have to secure legitimacy, but where forest communities themselves are unaware of REDD+, garnering local support is very hard.

Tenure reform – essential to making REDD+ deliver on its promise – rests on political will at the national level. Without it, subnational REDD+ work will be slow, piecemeal or simply stall. But it’s no mean feat for a national politician to stare down powerful vested interests.

Establishing the social and environmental safeguards essential to the credibility of REDD+ hasn’t been easy, either. Not uncommonly, countries lack the capacity, funds and political will to establish proper monitoring, reporting and verification.

Good REDD+ programmes strive for effectiveness, equity and efficiency – the 3Es – but also acknowledge and try to manage any trade-offs between these.

 

Hand In Hand

Both LEDS and REDD+ share the global goal of reconciling development and environment. REDD+ is both a potential part of LEDS, at least in tropical forested countries, and a source of tested know-how. The lessons of REDD+ can be applied and adapted to other sectors key to LEDS, such as agriculture.

There is a risk that the relatively tangible and measurable REDD+ objectives could be dissolved into the broader LEDS context at the expense of actual performance. We need to take care how we mesh the two together.

Despite the difficulties, the past decade has laid the groundwork for REDD+ to deliver measurable results. In this there is another lesson: these things take time.

LEDS can learn from REDD+’s teething problems, however, avoiding or at least managing many of the obstacles faced in its infancy, with less of a struggle and in less time.

How forest restoration project will benefit communities, by Ogun

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The Ogun State Government has unveiled plans to embark on a Agro-Forestry and Forest Landscape Restoration Project with the aim of creating employment opportunities for the teeming unemployed youths.

Gov Ibikunle Amosun of Ogun State
Gov Ibikunle Amosun of Ogun State

Commissioner for Forestry, Mr. Kolawole Lawal, who made the disclosure recently in Abeokuta at a parley with the project consultant, Mr Pierre Decroix, pointed out plans were in top gear for the take-off of the project.

He noted that the purpose of the interactive session was to sensitise the occupants of the proposed communities where the projects would be situated.

‘’The Project will be beneficial to settlers of the affected communities as it will provide job opportunities for the teeming unemployed youths and it will as well tackle climate change and enhance food security,” the Commissioner said.

It will be recalled that the governor, Senator Ibikunle Amosun, had in December, 2015 led a state delegation including the Commissioner for Forestry to the United Nations climate change conference (COP21) in Paris, France, where he also held multi-lateral talks with officials of Lafarge Holcim and other investors on the Forest Landscapes Restoration Project.

While commending the state government on the initiative, Mr Decroix said the interactive session became imperative because of the need to sensitise occupants of the affected communities about the project in line with global best practices.

He underlined the need for satellite mapping which would supply information on the environment and soil, stressing that the project, when completed, would be the envy of all.

Responding, Divisional Forestry Programme Officers (DFPO) for Imeko and Aworo, Oladoke Isiaka and Odede Adebayo respectively, said the people in their communities anticipate the commencement of the project with a pledge that they would provide cordial working relationship throughout the project’s execution period.

Agency to partner security agencies in enforcing biosafety law

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The National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA) has approached various security agencies including the Nigerian Police Force (NPF) as well as the Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) as part of operational arrangements to enforce its mandate.

Controller General of Prisons, Dr Peter Ezenwa Ekpendu (fifth right); DG/CEO of the National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA), Sir. Rufus Ebegba (fourth right); Commandant General of the Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC), Abdullahi Muhammadu (third right); Coordinator of Journalists for Social Development Initiative (JSDI), Etta Michael Bisong (second left); and Head of Programmes of JSDI, Gloria Ogbaki, during a familiarity visit to the corporate head office of the NSCDC in Abuja to foster collaboration on the enforcement of the National Biosafety Management Act
Controller General of Prisons, Dr Peter Ezenwa Ekpendu (fifth right); DG/CEO of the National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA), Sir. Rufus Ebegba (fourth right); Commandant General of the Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC), Abdullahi Muhammadu (third right); Coordinator of Journalists for Social Development Initiative (JSDI), Etta Michael Bisong (second left); and Head of Programmes of JSDI, Gloria Ogbaki, during a familiarity visit to the corporate head office of the NSCDC in Abuja to foster collaboration on the enforcement of the National Biosafety Management Act

It will be recalled that the NBMA shortly after its establishment gave a deadline of six months which expired last December to all operators of modern biotechnology and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the country to formalise their activities or risk being sanctioned according to specifications of the Act.

Director General and Chief Executive Officer of the Agency, Sir Rufus Ebegba, who quoted Article IX of the Act to emphasise the importance of the partnership, described modern biotechnology as a double-edge sword that, if not properly and safely regulated, has the ability to threaten public security.

“From the onset the scientists who discovered the technology advised that they must be measures to ensure that it is properly regulated to avert any impact on environment or human health,” Sir Ebebga said.

The DG/CEO, who made the statement recently during a familiarity visit to the corporate head office of the NSCDC in Abuja, explained that the aforementioned Article mandates its operations as a regulatory authority to collaborate with security operatives in carrying out enforcement exercises.

He hinted that, if effectively deployed particularly in agriculture, safe modern biotechnology and use of GMOs have the capacity to improve food production, create jobs and ensure biodiversity protection to foster sustainable national growth.

To ensure that this technology and its activities are carried out according to specifications of the Act, the nation’s biosafety boss highlighted enforcement of field assessment inspections, disasters management and intelligence gathering and sharing as key pertinent areas of interest to the Agency.

He expressed optimism that the NBMA with the current collaboration in addition to various institutional arrangements in place will enforce its constitutional responsibility to ensure that safe modern biotechnology and GMOs are deployed to increase industrial productivity and other forms of economic development.

Abdullahi Muhammadu, Commandant General of the NSCDC, in his response acknowledged the Agency’s request as one of the core mandates of the Corp which is enforced under disaster management.

The Commandant General noted that protection of oil pipelines, power as well as telecommunications base stations usually dominate public perception when issues of critical national infrastructures are raised, but added that the Corp long recognised and considered disaster management as an important element of national security.

He informed that officers have been trained both locally and international and well equipped to combat disasters and pledged its support to work with the NBMA to enforce its operational responsibility and avert acts capable of undermining public safety.

By Etta Michael Bisong, Abuja

Ending gas flaring, building mini refineries

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There are two oily stories that should catch our attention. One is about designing and fabrication of a refinery at a Nigerian university and the second one is about new dates for ending gas flaring in Nigeria.

Top 20 gas flaring countries
Top 20 gas flaring countries

First is the news that the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, has built a mini refinery that can “produce relatively small quantity of petroleum products.” The relatively small quantity this prototype handles is given as one barrel of crude oil per day. This information was shared at a press briefing on the 38th convocation of the university.

 

Biafra Refined Crude

It would be interesting to place this breakthrough alongside the bush refineries in the Niger Delta that have been in the business of refining crude oil and supplying a variety of products to consumers in the region. We do not have details of the mini-refinery built at ABU. It would be good to know if any engineering departments in our universities have done studies of the bush refineries to see how the technologies adopted in the illegal operations could be adopted, upgraded and used to meet the energy gaps of the nation. So far the engagement with bush refineries has been by the Joint Military Task Force (JTF) and their methodology has been to bomb or burn the refineries.

The fabrication of a mini crude oil refinery at the ABU would be significant or novel if the technology is different from what has been in operation in the world for over 100 years. Just as anyone can ferment fruits (and grains) to obtain alcohol from them, the folks in the creeks and the scientists in then Biafra had the means of refining crude that could be studied and improved on. A commentator writing in Sahara Reporters once said, “The most damning of Nigerian failures for now is the knowledge that while the defunct Biafra Republic could refine fuel some forty years ago the triumphant old country cannot refine enough fuel for its local consumption today. It’s a shame that cries to the high heavens.”

One recollects how, some years ago, a dispute broke out between scientists at a Nigerian university over who among them was the first to extract alcohol from pineapple and some other local fruits. The point is that the entire dispute was nothing more than a bad joke. Hopefully, this news about refining crude is not.

 

To Flare or Not to Flare

The second item that should raise our antenna is about when the ongoing routine flaring of associated gas would end in Nigeria. For a period of time, successive governments kept shifting the deadline for ending gas flaring from year to year. During the almost one decade of debates on the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) nothing was said about when gas flaring would end. A specific bill on gas flaring died without a whimper. The flames roared on while governments stayed mute.

The “new” Petroleum Industry Governance & Institutional Framework Bill (PIG-IFB or PI(GIF)B?) that is in the works is totally silent about when gas flaring would end, and is not concerned with communities or environmental issues. It even makes a passing reference to fracking as one of the things that occurs in the upstream sector of the petroleum industry signifying that the oil industry in Nigeria may be getting set to embark on fracking, an extreme form of extraction. Is the new Bill attempting to sidestep the concerns of suffering communities that the old PIB tried to address and how many PIBs should we expect from the present administration?

Okay, we are now told that gas flaring would end between 2018 and 2020. This was disclosed by the Group General Manager, Nigerian Petroleum Investment and Management Services (NAPIMS), Dafe Sajebor, and the Managing Director of National Petroleum Development Corporation (NPDC), Sadler Mai-Bornu, at a meeting with the Senate panel investigating the activities of oil and gas agencies in the country. A bit of news from the blue!

The World Bank plans to see zero routine gas flaring by 2030 and governments that endorse this initiative are expected to provide legal, regulatory, investment, and operating environment that is conducive to upstream business while ensuring that non-flaring of associated gas is in-built in all production plans. It is curious that the proposed PIG-IFB or PI(GIF)B does not say anything about halting routine gas flaring or even about the penalty for the heinous offence.

Obviously more information needs to be placed in the public realm on how the government plans to achieve zero routine gas flaring by 2018-2020. What plans do oil companies like Chevron, Shell, Total and ExxonMobil have to stop the routine flaring of associated gas in the Niger Delta? The biggest gas flaring company in Nigeria is Chevron. Nigeria and Chevron are not among the 45 countries and companies that endorsed the World Bank plan going by the list on the bank’s website. Neither is climate denier ExxonMobil on that roster. Angola, Cameroon, Republic of Congo and Gabon are the only African countries to have endorsed the plan.

If the big polluters are staying off commitment to end gas flaring even by 2030, what should we say is the basis for oilfield communities to hope that they would soon be able to breath fresh air once again?

By Nnimmo Bassey (Director, Health of Mother Earth Foundation – HOMEF)

Leonardo Dicaprio’s environmental crusade

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‘The Revenant’ star opens up about his dedication to saving the world from environmental catastrophe in a recent interview with Rolling Stone. Leonardo DiCaprio also talks about his childhood, and his Oscar-buzzed work on ‘The Revenant’

Leonardo Dicaprio
Leonardo Dicaprio

Actor, activist, celebrity, concerned environmentalist and a man willing to brave subzero temperatures and “bear attacks” for his art — Leonardo DiCaprio is all that and more, and Rolling Stone writer Stephen Rodrick spent several days getting to know the movie star.

Tagging along with the 41-year-old DiCaprio in Miami Beach as he filmed sequences for an upcoming documentary on climate change, Rodrick watched as our next probable Best Actor Oscar-winner went toe-to-toe with politicians and policy wonks about the havoc we’re wreaking on our ecosphere at large. “There’s no way we’re not hypocrites about this, and there isn’t a couple of hours a day that I’m not thinking about it. The big question is, is it all too late?” DiCaprio asks.

His “obsession” with the eroding state of our big blue marble was part of the reason, the star claims, that he wanted to take on the part of a 19th-century trapper who braved the elements in director Alejandro González Iñárritu’s The Revenant. “We went with the purpose of seeing what nature was saying,” he declares, before adding that the answer he and the filmmaker got back was “this crazy, insane message that stopped production.”

Some of the highlights from the interview include:

DiCaprio had a Hieronymous Bosch painting hanging above his crib and had his share of fights as a kid.
Asked about his earliest memories, the actor remembers a painting that hung above his crib: Bosch’s infamous “Garden of Earthly Delights,” which depicts Eden being squandered away by man. “You literally see Adam and Eve being given paradise,” DiCaprio says. “Then you see in the middle [of the triptych] this overpopulation and excess … then the last panel is just a burnt-down apocalypse. That was my favorite painting.” (Again, this hung above his crib.)

He also recalls how, while growing up in a sketchy part of East Hollywood with his father, underground artist George DiCaprio, the fact that he was already a young working actor didn’t impress the bullies at his middle school. “I was a bit of a loudmouth,” he admits, “and I was in an environment where the elements aligned to have kids smack the hell outta me once in a while.”

His in-progress documentary about climate change had a colorful working title.
After talking with actor and producer Fisher Stevens about the potential for ecological catastrophe our world faces, the two decided to make a documentary about the various ways our globe is suffering and interview scientists about what we can do to stem the tide. Leo’s idea for a title, however, wasn’t exactly marquee-friendly: He wanted to call it Are We Fucked? “I’m more the light and he’s the dark,” Stevens says. “I’m always saying, ‘Don’t be so fucking pessimistic, man.'”

Edward Norton literally saved Leo’s life.
While DiCaprio and Stevens were filming in the Galapagos Islands, Leo had a bit of a close call during a scuba diving expedition when his air tank stopped working. In desperate need of oxygen, the actor began to panic before an unlikely savior came to his aid: Edward Norton, who was also diving nearby and shared his tank with DiCaprio before they both slowly swam to the surface.

DiCaprio enjoyed going dark on The Revenant — and wants to do something even darker.
For all the tabloid-like trade stories about the difficulty of filming this survivalist Western in rough, remote locales, DiCaprio claims that he felt fulfilled by the experience. And while he does not have a definite follow-up project in mind (though he has optioned an upcoming book about the Volkswagen emissions scandal), he says he “would love to do something even darker (than The Revenant). I don’t know, like how would you penetrate the mind of somebody like Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver? There’s a word in German … schadenfreude. It means humiliation for somebody else, and it can be done in movies, like when Bickle takes (Cybill Shepherd) to the porno theater for his first date. You’re like, ‘Oh, God, please don’t do this!'”

Leo would like to start a family … maybe.
Asked whether he has time in his life for starting a family after he coos over a little girl at a restaurant, DiCaprio answers, “Do you mean do I want to bring children into a world like this? If it happens, it happens.” Then the actor takes the Fifth. “I’d prefer not to get into specifics about it, just because then it becomes something that is misquoted. But yeah. I don’t know. To articulate how I feel about it is just gonna be misunderstood.”

 

Ban Ki-moon formally invites world leaders to sign Paris Agreement

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United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has officially invited all world leaders to a signing ceremony on 22 April for the historic climate agreement that was reached in Paris in December last year.

UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon at COP21. Photo credit: ibtimes.co.uk
UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon at COP21. Photo credit: ibtimes.co.uk

The signing event will take place at UN Headquarters in New York on the first day the agreement will be open for signature, which coincides with the observance of International Mother Earth Day, observed in many countries as simply Earth Day.

The Secretary-General intends to use the occasion of the signing ceremony to further engage leaders from business and civil society to put the new agreement into action.

In his invitation letter, the Secretary-General said that leaders’ participation could also facilitate the early entry into force of the Paris Agreement and “provide for the smooth finalisation of the operational details needed to give effect to the provisions of the new Agreement.”

In Paris, the 196 parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached an historic agreement to combat climate change that will spur actions and investment towards a low-carbon, resilient and sustainable future. It is the first agreement that joins all nations in a common cause based on their historic, current and future responsibilities.

The main aim is to keep a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to drive efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Additionally, the agreement aims to strengthen capability to deal with the impacts of climate change.

To reach these ambitious and important goals, appropriate financial flows will be put in place, thus making stronger action by developing countries and the most vulnerable possible, in line with their own national objectives.

In his invitation, the Secretary-General thanked heads of state and government for their leadership in combating climate change.

“The adoption of the Paris Agreement caps a remarkable year of multilateral achievements for people and the planet,” he said. “It provides a solid foundation for the low-carbon, climate-resilient transformation of the global economy. This transformation will help secure a future that is safer, healthier and more prosperous for all.”

At least 55 countries, representing at least 55 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions, are needed to ratify the agreement before it can take legal effect.

Tribute: A crushing blow on Boxing Day, by Femi Adesina

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It’s a day in British tradition dedicated to opening boxes of gifts received at Christmas, and that is why it’s called Boxing Day.

Femi Adesina
Femi Adesina

But what the Adesina family got this last December 26 was a crushing blow, the type Mike Tyson, in his heyday, handed out to his opponents in the ring. It was a blow to the solar plexus: painful, sad, traumatic, leaving an impact that not even time heals. Such pain lasts forever.

President Muhammadu Buhari, whom I am privileged to serve as Special Adviser on Media and Publicity, had told me at a private meeting before Christmas that since I was a Christian, I could take some days off during the Yuletide season to be with my family. That was why Boxing Day found me in Lagos, and at about 4 p.m, I left the house to attend a special church programme billed for 5 p.m. The day was bright and beautiful.

At 4.30 p.m, a few meters to my destination, my phone rang. It was my immediate elder brother, Tayo, a Professor of History at the University of Ibadan. The news he gave fouled up the hitherto cheery atmosphere, and even the sun seemed to have fled from the sky.

An official of the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) had called him to say our sister, Foluke, a Professor of Dramatic Arts, at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, had been involved in an accident along the Lagos/Ibadan Expressway. Of the four people in the car, two were certified dead.

The next half an hour was probably the longest I’d ever spent in my life. I made a detour for the house, and continued to communicate with the FRSC official, whose number I had collected from my brother. Later, I contacted Mr Bisi Kazeem, spokesman of the commission and a long time friend, asking him to help with precise information. It came almost at the speed of light. Two people were truly dead, and they were my sister, and her brother-in-law, who was visiting from America. It was him that was being taken to Lagos from Ibadan, to catch a flight back to the U.S that night.

Now, he had boarded a last flight to eternity. Very sad! Tragic!

For the seven Adesina brothers and sisters, this was trauma in the true sense of the word. Five brothers and two sisters, and now, one of the sisters was gone. Like George Orwell wrote in his work, ‘A Hanging,’ “We were a party of men walking together, seeing, feeling, understanding the same world. But with a sudden snap, one of us was gone. One mind less, one world less.”

From Lagos to London, Ibadan to Abeokuta, where the Adesinas are based, it was a festival of tears.

Raindrops fell endlessly from our eyes. Was it not just a little over two years earlier that we buried our mother? Don’t we still miss her keenly, though she died at 75? Yes, she could have lived to be 80, and even more.

Foluke became the automatic mother, keeping everyone under her wings. From her base in University of Botswana, where she was a visiting professor, on sabbatical from OAU, Ife, she was the rallying point for everybody. She was merely home for Christmas, and was to return to Botswana on January 22. Now she was dead, at just 53 years old, a latest victim of famished Nigerian roads.

A lifetime of study and research, gone. All the knowledge, wasted. There are only 10 female professors of Dramatic Arts in Nigeria. Now, one of them was gone, consumed by rapacious Nigerian roads. One mind less, one world less.

The Adesina family of Ipetumodu, in Ife North Local Government Area of Osun State had a patriarch in John Oyebade Adesina, an educationist, who was the first African principal of St Charles Grammar School, Osogbo, in the 1960s. The school was easily the best in the then Western Region, producing students who shone like stars in the West African School Certificate of Education.

From there, the dyed-in-the-wool educationist was transferred to Notre Dame College, Usi-Ekiti. He retired from there to his Ipetumodu homestead in 1971, where his seven children were brought up under what was akin to a ‘military regime.’ He ran the home just exactly as he ran the school.

All of us grew up together, and became quite close, finding succour in one another, and in our mother, whenever our father whipped us till we saw stars. The patriarch passed on in 1985 (we had come to appreciate the discipline imbued in us by then), the matriarch followed in 2013, but the children remained inseparable.

At any given time, you could have three or four Adesina siblings in different parts of the world, pursuing one professional thing or the other. Only Yewande, my immediate younger sister, lives in the U.K permanently, with her family. But we were always in touch. Foluke had created an email group of all seven of us, and we communicated at the touch of a button. There was no separating us. Till the blow of Boxing Day. Now, it is one mind less, one world less.

In 1982, Foluke (by the way, all seven of us are on first name basis, because we were brought up that way, and it is convenient for us) had gone to serve at NTA Minna, in Niger State, after graduating from the then University of Ife. She came back the following year, a completely changed person. We were a religious family, of the Roman Catholic stock, but in Minna, Foluke had met with the Pentecostals, and had become born again.

She has become an S.U, we screamed in mortification!

What are you doing in the midst of people who cry when they pray, who wear long faces, and go about gently? Are you the one that killed Jesus? Our questions were endless. Such people were called S.U, meaning members of the Scripture Union. They believed in patterning their lives scrupulously after the words of the Holy Bible, and were considered rather stuffy by other kind of Christians.

We needled Foluke endlessly, and did all we could to test the quality of her conversion. She held on to her newfound faith, through master’s degree, marriage, Ph.D, professorship, and all the days of her life. No looking back. She had just left the annual retreat of the Deeper Life Bible Church, a day before she met her death. She had spoken with me on getting home, with me not knowing it was valedictory.

But what happened to all her scoffing brothers and sisters over the 32-year period in which Foluke was a born again Christian?

Hear our youngest brother, Dr Olubiyi Adesina, a consultant endocrinologist, in a tribute paid to our sister at her burial in Ibadan last weekend: “I remember the early 80s when my older siblings used to make fun of your newfound S.U status. To me as a young boy, S.Us must have been goblins. To now imagine that all that laughed then are now all S.Us. You started the revolution in the family. Thank you for being a good example.”

Foluke faithfully served the Lord she loved dearly for 32 years, using her skills as a dramatist for evangelism. Even as an academic, she took part in many stage plays, films and concerts, all to expand the Kingdom of God on earth. She was also Fellow of many associations in Nigeria and abroad. She became a professor in 2011, a position backdated by five years.

Time, like an ever rolling stream, has borne her daughter away. But she would not fly forgotten as a dream, which dies at the opening of day. Foluke will always be remembered by her siblings: Wunmi, Tayo, Femi, Yewande, Yemi, and Biyi. Her son, Oluwaseun, her husband, Engineer Segun Ogunleye, and scores of others on whose lives she made great impact, will never forget her.

It is said that as mere mortals, we must never ask God questions. Yes, God is sovereign, but one would not stop wondering why Heaven was so much in a hurry, as to take Foluke now. If Heaven had waited for 20 or 30 years more, would she not have come home one day? Heaven, you needn’t be in such haste, for we shall all come. But let it be in due times and seasons.

I grieved deeply for my sister. I still ache and mourn. As the funeral service held at the Deeper Life Bible Church in Ibadan last weekend, it was as if the service should never end. The fact that her corpse was in the casket inside the church still gave some sort of cold comfort. But the service must inevitably end. And ended it did.

As the casket was borne out, and knowing that interment was only few minutes away, I broke down completely. I wept. Yes, didn’t Jesus also weep? I broke down, and when Dr Yemi Ogunbiyi, former Head of Department of Dramatic Arts in Ife, and Foluke’s former teacher, came to console me, he had a hard job of getting me to stop crying. He ushered me into a vehicle, and that was where eminent virologist, and former oil minister, Prof Tam David-West came to pay his condolence.

The man too was weeping, and I conveniently joined him. It was simply a festival of tears, as many sympathizers could not hold their emotions in check. When Foluke and Tayo had been named professors within a week of each other, I had hosted them to a reception in Ibadan. Prof David-West had been chairman of the event, he gave the professorial charge, so he knew my sister well.

A week before the burial, journalist, pastor and activist, Richard Akinnola, had given me a book written by Ukraine-based Pastor Sunday Adelaja. The book is titled “Myles Munroe: Finding Answers To Why Good People Die Tragic And Early Deaths.” I read the 192-page book, and I must confess that it gave me a lot of relief.

Myles Munroe, a great Christian preacher had died in tragic circumstances in 2014, and the author used him, supported by Scripture, to show that death is really gain. The manner of death, he submitted, does not matter. What matters, according to him, was to fulfill our purpose in life, “and die empty.”

But Foluke still had a lot to give to the academia, to scholarship, to society, to her family, even to Christendom. Can one say she died empty? Well, questions abound. We do not understand it all. The things that are revealed are for men, while the ones that are hidden are for God. We will understand it better by and by.

Messages of condolence came from all corners of the land, and even beyond, to the Adesina family. President Buhari, Vice President Yemi Osinbajo, former presidents, clerics, illustrious Nigerians, and people from all walks of life, sympathized with us.

I thank you all.

The Good Book says it is through much afflictions and trials that we will enter into the Kingdom of God. But this one was sure too hard on us. It would be hard on anybody.

“We were a party of men (and women) walking together, seeing, feeling, understanding the same world. But with a sudden snap, one of us was gone. One mind less, one world less.” Seven has now become six. Very sad.

At times, while crying at the loss of my sister, I remember our parents, particularly my mother. She left just two years and five months ago. And I then understand why God took her when He did. If my mother had been around to witness the death of any of her children, it would have been too hard on her. She had died happy in 2013, knowing that all her children were accounted for.

When I wept, therefore, it was partly in thankfulness that Mama was gone without her eyes seeing evil. God knew what was to happen on December 26, 2015, and so took her ahead of time. But then, couldn’t God have stopped the crushing blow of Boxing Day? He could. So, why didn’t He? I stop, before I land in a theological labyrinth, from which I can’t extricate myself.

Foluke, sleep well. I am sure our father’s clock, which used to rouse all of us at 4.45 a.m, would not chime in Heaven. Sleep all you want, till the day of resurrection. The old educationist wouldn’t be whipping you out of bed, like in those days of yore, for refusing to respond to the alarm bell at the height of harmattan.

  • Adesina is the Special Adviser on Media and Publicity to President Muhammadu Buhari.

Post-COP21: How Paris Agreement can take effect

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The Paris Agreement was adopted in December, but further steps are needed in 2016 to bring it into effect. The first date to look for is April 22, 2016, when heads of state have been invited to a signing ceremony at the UN. The World Resources Institute’s (WRI) Eliza Northrop and Katherine Ross detail the timeline and process

Jubilation as Paris Agreement is adopted. Photo credit: unfccc.int
Jubilation as Paris Agreement is adopted. Photo credit: unfccc.int

The world rightly celebrated when 195 countries signed onto a new international climate agreement at COP21 in Paris late last year. The Paris Agreement is a critical turning point – a fundamental pivot toward a zero-carbon and climate-resilient world. But some key steps lie ahead to take the momentum from Paris forward and ensure that the Agreement quickly comes into effect and is fully implemented.

Here, we answer questions on the important steps countries must take to ensure that the Paris Agreement comes into force:

 

At COP21, countries agreed to the Paris Agreement. Does that mean the Agreement is now in effect?

No, countries still need to take steps so that it takes effect.  What occurred on December 12 at COP21 was the “adoption” of the Paris Agreement by the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).  Adoption is the formal act that establishes the form and content of an agreement.

In addition to adopting the Paris Agreement, the Parties made a number of key decisions about what’s necessary for the Agreement to enter into force.  They also agreed on a process for how countries will finalise their current national climate plans and shift them from being Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) into Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

 

What needs to happen now?

Broadly speaking, countries must now actually join the Paris Agreement and become Parties to it.  To do this, each country must now sign and indicate their consent to be bound by the Agreement. Only after at least 55 Parties to the UNFCCC representing at least 55 percent of total global greenhouse gases sign on and indicate their consent to be bound will the Agreement “enter into force,” meaning it will come into effect and be legally binding.

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After entry into force, the first meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement will be held. This will be an important time to adopt many of the more detailed rules and procedures necessary to make the Agreement effective.

 

What’s the timeline for countries to ratify the Agreement?

On April 22, 2016, all Heads of State can sign the Agreement at a high-level signing ceremony at the United Nations in New York.  The Agreement will then be open for signature for one year, until April 21, 2017.  Given the importance of the Paris Agreement and the political momentum created at COP21, experts expect many countries will attend the high-level signing event.

While signing indicates a commitment to refrain from acts that would defeat the object and purpose of the Agreement, a signature alone does not mean that a country becomes a “Party” to the Paris Agreement. As with many other international agreements, joining the Paris Agreement follows a two-step process: countries must sign the Agreement, and then also indicate their consent to join and be bound by it as Parties.

WRI 2

How do countries indicate their consent to be bound and become Parties?

Most countries will sign the Agreement “subject to ratification, acceptance and approval,” making their signature conditional on obtaining the required domestic approval for joining the Agreement. In some cases, they will also enact any national legislation necessary to implement the Agreement. For example, in Australia, the only requirement is formal notification and introduction of the Agreement in Parliament, whereas in Mexico, the consent of the Senate is also required.  In the United States, many international agreements are joined as “executive agreements” based on presidential authority.

When a country fulfills its necessary domestic processes, it will come back and deposit an “instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval.” This is a formal document indicating that it has completed all necessary processes and can now join the Agreement. This can be done as soon after signing as a country chooses, and there is no time limit for when countries submit these forms.  A country might deposit its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval on the same day it signs, or submit it separately much later.

 

Can Parties still join the Paris Agreement after April 22, 2017 if they didn’t sign it before then?

Yes. After the one-year signing period, the Agreement will be open for what is called “accession.” Accession is simply the term for when a country becomes a Party to an international agreement that other countries have already signed. Depositing an instrument of accession after April 22, 2017 will have the same legal effect as if that country had signed and deposited an instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval – but it is distinct from those.

 

So when will the Paris Agreement actually enter into force?

The Paris Agreement will be in full legal force and effect when at least 55 Parties to the UNFCCC that account for at least 55 percent of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. At this point in time, it is not possible to accurately predict when this will occur, as it depends on how quickly individual countries are able to complete their domestic approval processes. Once the Agreement enters into force, the first meeting of the Parties to the Agreement will occur in conjunction with the next COP.

The figure below illustrates three possible combinations of countries for meeting the 55 percent threshold.  While a range of country combinations exist, based on the most recent emissions data communicated by countries to the UNFCCC, our analysis shows that the 55 percent threshold cannot be achieved without the acceptance of at least one of the top four emitting Parties, China, the United States, the European Union, or Russia. The timing for when each of these countries might join the Agreement depends on each of their unique domestic legal systems.

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Taking the action needed to bring the Paris Agreement into force is an essential next step for countries to build on the momentum from COP21. If they do so quickly, countries can ensure that the critically important provisions and requirements of the Paris Agreement are fully put into motion.

Climate solutions explored at World Future Energy Summit, ADSW 2016

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Attracting more than 33,000 delegates, including over 80 government ministers and visitors from 170 countries, ADSW (Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week) is the Middle East’s largest gathering focused on addressing the interconnected challenges of energy and water security, climate change and sustainable development.

President Muhammadu Buhari (sixth from right) with other world leaders at the opening ceremony of the World Future Energy Summit 2016, as part of Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week (ADSW), at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC), UAE
President Muhammadu Buhari (sixth from right) with other world leaders at the opening ceremony of the World Future Energy Summit 2016, as part of Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week (ADSW), at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC), UAE

Commenting on the opening ceremony, President Muhammmed Buhari called for greater global cooperation against the devastating effect of climate change to avert disaster for the human race.

In his keynote speech, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stressed the need to turn political will into decisive action on renewable energy and sustainable development, as part of the fight against climate change. He praised the UAE’s leadership in sustaining the political momentum in the wake of the Paris Climate Agreement, reached in December, to achieve a better future for people across the world.

He told delegates: “We have a vision, (and) we have goals. There is also political will. We are the first generation with an opportunity to end poverty, but we are the last generation with a chance to combat climate change. Clean energy is the key to both of these tests. Sustainable energy is the thread that connects economic growth, social equity and our efforts to combat climate change.

“UAE and Masdar are a perfect example of the kind of public-private action that is needed. I congratulate Abu Dhabi on bringing together so many different partners including world leaders,” he added.

As the first high level global sustainable development event to take place since the Paris Climate Agreement, ADSW examined how to turn the ambitious goals of the Paris Climate Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development into practical and innovative policy, investment, technology and partnership solutions, with a focus on identifying actions that can be taken by both the public and private sectors.

In special remarks, delivered at the opening ceremony, President Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico said: “One of the biggest challenges facing humanity is to have enough clean energy to meet future demand for energy. All nations of the world are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and we therefore all have a duty to assume a global responsibility.

“Mexico is committed to the environment. We have made the decision to transition to less-polluting forms of fuel and to adopt renewable energy. Our belief is that it is possible to secure a new climate regime, without impeding economic and social progress. Abu Dhabi, and particularly Masdar, represent tangible examples of innovative environments aimed at sustainable economic and social progress.”

In his address to the opening ceremony, Dr Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE Minister of State and Chairman of Masdar, said: “We convene at a moment of unprecedented unity. The Paris Agreement, last month, marked the culmination of over a decade of challenging negotiations. Never before has the political will to address climate change and achieve sustainable development been so resolute. And never before have market forces aligned so closely with political choices.

“Achieving sustainable development and meeting the worlds’ growing demand for energy cannot be met by one source alone. All energy sources both traditional and new must work hand-in-hand. And that is why our leadership has prioritized economic and energy diversification as fundamental pillars to achieving sustainable development,” added Dr Al Jaber.

“There has never been a greater opportunity to make progress against the sustainable development goals and to create an economic potential that can drive sustained growth for future generations. Here, at the Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week, we can start to build bridges between governments and businesses to create durable partnerships and to address the world’s most pressing challenges in sustainability. So let us be brave bold and ambitious. Let us use this week to maintain the momentum and to capitalize on this historic opportunity to lift the global economy and carve a practical pathway towards a sustainable future,” continued Dr. Al Jaber.

ADSW 2016 brought together thought leaders, policy makers and investors to address the challenges and opportunities of renewable energy and sustainable development through policy dialogue and action. ADSW 2016 promoted multilateral cooperation and bold decision making to accelerate the adoption of the sustainable solutions needed to realise the economic aspirations of future generations and to accommodate rapid global population growth.

The week also showcased the UAE’s leadership in addressing the critical issues defining the sustainability agenda, such as innovation and water security and reinforce Abu Dhabi’s position as an international energy and sustainability hub, capitalising on the clear economic opportunity of clean energy and water security. ADSW will also play a vital role in growing awareness, stimulating public debate and motivating action to address the vital regional issues of sustainability – energy efficiency, water conservation and waste recycling.

ADSW, which ended on Saturday, January 23rd 2016 is structured around four key pillars: policy, leadership, business and awareness and academic research.

Held as part of ADSW, the World Future Energy Summit (WFES) is the world’s foremost event dedicated to the advancement of renewable energy, energy efficiency and clean technology. The four-day conference programme addressed a range of key themes across clean energy. It will include sessions on the future of global energy in a low hydrocarbon price environment; financing the future of energy; new projects in the MENA solar sector and climate change and the UAE.

By Oluwatosin Kolawole (ClimateAid International), Abu Dhabi, UAE

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