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Concern as NBMA displays application dossier ahead of GM maize importation

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Concern as NBMA displays application dossier ahead of GM maize importation

The National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA) on Monday, May 21, 2018 commenced a 21-day display of an application dossier by Golden Agri Inputs Limited, a subsidiary of Flour Mills of Nigeria Plc., for the importation of genetically modified (GM) maize for feed processing. But certain quarters appear unexcited over the development, describing it as mere window dressing.

GM-Maize
Genetically modified (GM) maize

The public display, which will come to a close on Tuesday, June 12, 2018, is aimed at enabling the public to make input that would facilitate informed decision on the application.

The endeavour, according to the NBMA Director-General, Dr Rufus Ebegba, is in accordance with the National Biosafety Management Agency Act 2015, requiring public display of any biosafety application, for permit to intentionally release genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for comments.

According to him, the GM maize in question was engineered for insect resistance and herbicide tolerance.

The display centres are listed to include:

  • Department of Biosafety Enforcement and Operations (National Biosafety Management Agency, Airport Road, Abuja),
  • Office of the Executive Director (Forest Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State),
  • Office of the Executive Director (National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Abia State),
  • National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Niger State, and
  • Website of the National Biosafety Management Agency (gov.ng)

In a reaction, Nnimmo Bassey, Director, Health of Mother Earth Foundation (HOMEF), said: “In recent times we have seen applications for the confined field trial of soy bean. The truth is that from all indications sending comments on applications to NBMA is sheer waste of time. Their call for comments is nothing more than window dressing, merely keeping to the letter of the law. The spirit of the law has never been there. If anyone wishes to waste his or her time sending comments about the risks connected with the GMOs being brought into Nigeria, it is okay.

“However, we at Health of Mother Earth Foundation, and our allies, have become very sceptical of the process. And we have reasons for this. When the agency published the first sets of GMO applications from Monsanto and we sent highly scientific comments on the application they acknowledged receipt of our comments on a Thursday and issued the permits the next Sunday! Our comments opposing the application by IITA (On GM Cassava) was also acknowledged a few days before they issued the permit – indicating that they probably do not even read our documents.

“Why should anyone bother to comment on predetermined matters? When we also consider that the NBMA made a lot of noise ordering repatriation of illegally imported GM maize some Nigerians thought that someone was checking to ensure our biosafety. What happened thereafter? While the Federal Executive Council applauded the move and the NASS held a public hearing, NBMA advertised and permitted the offending company to import GM maize at will over the next three years. Given all these, some of us believe that as far as GMO regulation is concerned in Nigeria, ‘we have entered one chance’ as they say in popular parlance.”

But Ebegba insists that the process is a transparent and credible one, which entails public involvement in decision making process.

According to him, the Nigeria Customs Service on Monday, November 6, 2017 impounded a consignment of 90 metric tonnes of genetically-modified (GM) maize at the Apapa Wharf in Lagos. The shipload is believed to have been imported by seed company, Walcot, from Argentina. Worth over $10 million, the cargo was reportedly returned to the country of import.

International Day of Biodiversity: Celebrating silver jubilee of action for biodiversity

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International Day of Biodiversity: Celebrating silver jubilee of action for biodiversity

While there is a growing recognition that biological diversity (biodiversity) is a global asset of tremendous value to present and future generations, the number of species is being significantly reduced by certain human activities.

Cristiana Paşca Palmer
Cristiana Paşca Palmer, Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the international legal instrument for “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources” that has been ratified by 196 nations.

Given the importance of public education and awareness for the implementation of the Convention, the UN General Assembly proclaimed May 22, the date of the adoption of its text, as the International Day for Biological Diversity by its resolution 55/201 of December 20, 2000.

Year 2018 marks the 25th anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Since entering into force, the Convention has been implemented through the vision and leadership displayed by countries, non-governmental and inter-governmental organisations, indigenous peoples and local communities, the scientific community and individuals alike.

The results are said to be considerable: the development of scientific guidance for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity for biomes around the world, the entry into force of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation and the creation and implementation of national biodiversity strategies and action plans. After adopting the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, Parties have made significant headway in the achievement of a number of its Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

The Strategic Plan is comprised of a shared vision, a mission, strategic goals and 20 ambitious yet achievable targets, the Aichi Targets. The Plan serves as a flexible framework for the establishment of national and regional targets and it promotes the coherent and effective implementation of the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The mission of the new plan is to: “Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication. To ensure this, pressures on biodiversity are reduced, ecosystems are restored, biological resources are sustainably used and benefits arising out of utilisation of genetic resources are shared in a fair and equitable manner; adequate financial resources are provided, capacities are enhanced, biodiversity issues and values mainstreamed, appropriate policies are effectively implemented, and decision-making is based on sound science and the precautionary approach. ”

According to the UN, the 25th anniversary of the Convention presents a unique opportunity to highlight the achievement of its objectives at national and global levels. It also provides an opportunity to look towards the future, particularly, as we start to consider the follow-up to the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011- 2020.

The Secretariat of the Convention disclosed that there will be High-level events and meetings in Montreal in Canada and New York in USA to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Convention.

The objectives of halting biodiversity loss and promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems are included in Sustainable Development Goal Nº 15.

International Day of Biodiversity: Biodiversity, our collective heritage – HOMEF

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International Day of Biodiversity: Biodiversity, our collective heritage – HOMEF

Health of Mother Earth Foundation (HOMEF) celebrates global efforts to preserve earth’s biodiversity as this year’s International Day of Biodiversity marks the 25th anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Nnimmo_4416
Nnimmo Bassey, Director, Health of Mother Earth Foundation (HOMEF)

Progress has been made at national and global fronts by the convention in achieving its objectives, says the group, adding however that a serious threat to biodiversity grows with the push for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as solution to agricultural challenges.

HOMEF stresses, on the occasion, that the release of GMOs into the environment would negatively impact crop diversity, non-target soil organisms and land use. The non-governmental organisation demands for a concerted effort to discourage their use, pointing out that biodiversity is an essential natural resource for the earth, and that it is the key for sustainable development of humanity.  It plays a crucial role in the formation and preservation of culture, self-knowledge and adaptability.

According to Nnimmo Bassey, Director of HOMEF, genetically modified crops operate as monocultures as, according to him, many of them are designed to withstand the use of proprietary chemical herbicides. These chemicals directly erode plants, animals as well as microorganisms.

“Crops engineered to be resistant to pests or herbicides negatively affect biodiversity because they do not only affect the target insects or weeds, but destroy other living organisms. These negative impacts threaten the survival of species and lead to rise of super weeds and super bugs that create new environmental problems,” he says.

Bassey further regrets that “transgenic crops have the potential to pass novel traits to their wild relatives who may be altered in such a way that they take up completely new ecological roles, and disrupt ecosystems.”

HOMEF calls on the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to step up efforts to regulate new forms of genetic engineering, including gene editing, and also ensure that parties do not pay mere lip service to the Precautionary Principle when considering the entry of new technologies that have implications for biodiversity.

Joyce Ebebeinwe, Biosafety Project Officer at HOMEF, adds: “When it comes to biodiversity, nature holds the key. Wisdom dictates that the world wakes up to the reality that biodiversity is best preserved with local knowledge, cultures and innovations. Techno-fixes will never be the proverbial silver bullet.

“As we celebrate this milestone, nations should renew commitments to protect global biodiversity. It is in our collective interest to do so.”

AfDB to host $3m Rockefeller Trust Fund to spur agriculture, youth employment

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AfDB to host $3m Rockefeller Trust Fund to spur agriculture, youth employment

The African Development Bank (AfDB) Group has established a $3 million Rockefeller Trust Fund, a joint effort of the institution and The Rockefeller Foundation to help in spurring Africa’s transformation.

Dr. Rajiv J. Shah
Dr. Rajiv J. Shah, president of The Rockefeller Foundation

With this initial endowment, the Trust Fund will support the bank’s activities particularly with regards to two of its High 5 priorities – under the bank’s “Feed Africa” priority, it will support the Leadership for Agriculture (L4Ag) Platform, a network of Africa’s Finance and Agriculture ministers created by The Rockefeller Foundation; under the Bank’s “Improve the Quality of life for the People in Africa” priority, it will support the Jobs for Youth for Africa Coding for Employment Programme, whose goal is to increase inclusive employment and entrepreneurship among Africa’s youth.

Subsequent contributions may also be received to support other areas of the High 5s, which include Light up & power Africa, Industrialise Africa and Integrate Africa.

The Rockefeller Foundation works to promote the well-being of humanity throughout the world, and for more than a century has done this through strategic partnership with grantees and other likeminded organisations.

“The Rockefeller Foundation is proud of its long history of partnership with the African Development Bank, and is pleased to help establish the Rockefeller Trust Fund,” said Dr. Rajiv J. Shah, president of The Rockefeller Foundation. “The Trust Fund not only invests in the capacity of Africa’s young people but also advances Africa’s Agriculture Transformation Agenda, helping to renew private-sector engagement and support innovative agriculture financing tools that will help Africa strengthen markets and ensure its food security.”

The Trust Fund will complement AfDB’s efforts to catalyse Africa’s transformation over the next decade by leveraging its own resources and significantly scale up development finance for the benefit of its Regional Member Countries (RMCs).

“I am delighted by the establishment of the Rockefeller Trust Fund at the African Development Bank. I am particularly pleased because I worked at The Rockefeller Foundation for a decade, so I understand the power of philanthropic institutions in helping shape big agendas. Our partnership with The Rockefeller Foundation will expand our work on building leadership and financing for agriculture between Ministers of Finance and Agriculture in Africa. We look forward to further expanding the scope of our work with The Rockefeller Foundation under its dynamic new President, Dr. Rajiv J. Shah,” said Akinwumi Adesina, President of the AfDB.

The Rockefeller Trust Fund is the bank’s second formal collaboration with a philanthropic organisation, following the establishment of the Bill and Melinda Gates Trust Fund in March 2015.

Congo begins Ebola vaccinations in northwest city

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Congo begins Ebola vaccinations in northwest city

Congo has begun Ebola vaccinations of medical staff in the northwest city of Mbandaka, a Reuters witness has said. The vaccinations are said to be the first in the Central African country to help stem an outbreak believed to have killed 25 people since early April.

Orly Ilunga
Orly Ilunga, the Congolese Minister of Health

The World Health Organisation (WHO) is sending over 7,540 doses of Ebola vaccine to Congo, 540 of which have been earmarked for Mbandaka where four Ebola cases have been confirmed.

Health workers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) began the vaccination aimed at containing an outbreak of the deadly Ebola virus.

A spokesperson for the health ministry, Jessica Ilunga, said that 4,000 doses of vaccine were shipped on Saturday, May 19, 2018 to the city of Mbandaka.

The outbreak is Congo’s ninth since the disease made its first known appearance in the 1970s.

The cases in Mbandaka, a port city on the Congo River, have raised concerns that the virus could spread downstream to the capital Kinshasa, which has a population of 10 million.

A government spokesman said that Congo’s partners had promised to make available a total of 300,000 doses of vaccine.

Africa needs to add value to products for rapid industrialisation – AfDB

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Africa needs to add value to products for rapid industrialisation – AfDB

President of the African Development Bank (AfDB), Dr Akinwumi Adesina, on Monday, May 21, 2018 urged African countries to add value to their products in all sectors for rapid industrialisation of the continent.

Akinwumi Adesina
Dr. Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank (AfDB)

He made the call at a breakfast meeting for newsmen at the bank’s Annual Meeting in Busan, South Korea.

He said Africa was greatly endowed with natural resources such as gas, oil and agricultural and mineral products that needed to be tapped for exports.

“Africa needs to create jobs, add values to products for export because no nation achieves industrialisation by exporting raw materials,” he said.

Adesina expressed the belief that Africa’s surest way to economic growth was through agricultural industrialisation.

The president said African countries needed to create jobs, wealth and fiscal base by encouraging the growth of medium and small scale enterprises.

He said a major challenge of Africa was that most countries exported raw materials, adding that the practice should stop.

He said the bank would invest 35 billion dollars in the next 10 years to support industrialisation in Africa to grow its industrial GDP.

According to him, Africa is a resilient continent, doing a lot of things for its growth and ready to take its right place.

He called for public/private sector participation to drive development and industrialise the continent.

He said most countries in Africa were driving industrialisation through government support for infrastructure development, f0reign direct investments and mobilisation of money from the capital markets into the economies.

South Korea is hosting the meeting as one of the non-regional member of the bank as the 2017 edition held in India.

Adesina said such meetings were being held outside Africa to give the hosts sense of belonging

Other non-regional members include Brazil, Argentina, Canada, U.S. and Korea.

The theme of the five-day meeting is “Accelerating Africa’s Industrialisation” and being attended by Africa’s ministers of Finance, Central Bank Governors and participants from both public and private sectors of the economy.

By Idris Abdulrahman

Lagos says capping of Olusosun dumpsite nearly completed

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Lagos says capping of Olusosun dumpsite nearly completed

Lagos State Commissioner for Environment, Babatunde Durosinmi-Etti, says half of the 47-hectare Olusosun Metropolitan Dumpsite in Ojota has been capped.

Olusosun dumpsite
Capping at the Olusosun dumpsite in Lagos

Speaking with newsmen during the supervision of the capping activities on the dumpsite in Lagos, Durosinmi-Etti said that 50 per cent of the dumpsite was successfully capped within three weeks.

According to him, there is a need to cap the dumpsite to prevent a recurrence of fire outbreak in the area.

“The capping started over three weeks ago and what has happened is that we have covered a lot of mileage.

“And we are looking at another three weeks to complete the whole capping, before the rain starts. So, it is quite important that we take advantage of every good weather.

“We have covered over 50 per cent of the work. We use a minimum of 250 trips of laterite and this is not the best time of getting laterite because of the rain.

“The dumpsite is now odourless, the fume has gone and this is as a result of the hard work being put in by the team from the Ministry of Environment.

“This is a new Lagos. The toll gate is there, an entry point into Lagos. The dumpsite is not the sort of thing people should be seeing as the first impression.

“By the time this place is turned into a world-class recreation park, it will be pleasing to the sight of people coming into Lagos.

“We are looking at a mix array of activities in planned recreation park.

“The residents of this area should be rest assured that there are greater things coming their way in terms of recreation, in terms of much cleaner and healthier environment than they ever envisaged,” he said.

Essien Nsuabia, Operations Manager, Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA), said that the capping was aimed at dousing fire and smoke, using landfill equipment to level the place and cover it with laterite sand.

“Landfills are not level, some places are high while some places are low and gases are going out from there, which eventually cause fire outbreak.

“So landfill equipment are used to cut the dumpsite, making it level, hence, covering the vent, then use the laterite sand to cover it completely.

“Laterite sand does not allow oxygen to go inside to continue to fuel the burning,” Nsuabia said.

He said that laterite removed oxygen from underneath the waste and when oxygen was removed, the level of flammability would be reduced.

According to him, weather is a determinant of the time of concluding the capping of the dumpsite.

“When the rain comes it slows down the work, that is why we have devised a means of working both day and night anytime we have great weather,” he said.

The Ojota Metropolitan Lagos dumpsite, popularly called Olusosun dumpsite, was gutted by fire on March 14.

By Florence Onuegbu

Shell commits N14.85b to GMoUs in Rivers

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Shell commits N14.85b to GMoUs in Rivers

A total of N14.86 billion has been invested by the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd (SPDC) operated Joint venture on Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) clusters in Rivers State, giving communities a highly-valued opportunity to decide and implement projects and programmes that have a lasting impact on people’s lives. The funding, since the GMoU concept took off in 2006, has enabled the 19 clusters in Rivers State to embark on projects covering health, education, water and power supply improvement, sanitation and infrastructure development.

Igo-Weli-Shell
Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) General Manager, External Relations, Igo Weli.He describes the academics research programme as key aspect of Shell’s effort to contribute to the development of higher education in the country

“The GMoU initiative has opened a new and exciting chapter in the relationship between SPDC JV and communities and empowered the people at the grassroots to take charge of their own development,” said SPDC’s General Manager, External Relations, Igo Weli, at a presentation of the 2018 Shell Nigeria Briefing Notes to journalists in Port Harcourt. Mr. Weli, who was represented by the Manager, Social Investment/Social Performance, Ms. Gloria Udoh, said the success of the GMoU initiative proves what can be achieved when government, international oil companies, communities and NGOs work together for the common good.

Under the terms of the GMoU, SPDC JV provides secure five-year funding for communities to implement development projects of their choice, which are managed by Cluster Development Boards (CDBs) under the guidance of mentoring NGOs. There are 37 active GMoU clusters in Rivers, Delta, Bayelsa and Abia states, which have been funded to the tune of more than N41 billion since 2006.

GMoU clusters in Rivers State have recorded landmark achievements, including setting up a Community Health Insurance Scheme (CHIS) at Obio Cottage Hospital in Port Harcourt, where the average number of patients increased from about 600 to about 7,500 per month in 2017, making it one of the most utilised health facilities in the area. Other clusters have awarded foreign and Nigerian tertiary scholarships, set up transport schemes and built roads.

In another social investment initiative in Rivers State, SPDC JV has trained more than 800 young men and women under the Shell LiveWIRE programme which was introduced in 2003 to help young entrepreneurs to convert their bright ideas into sustainable businesses, creating wider employment and income opportunities for communities. SPDC JV also implements a robust health intervention scheme, supporting 10 hospitals in the state.

In 2017, SPDC JV established Nigeria’s first centre of excellence in Marine Engineering and Offshore Technology at Rivers State University in Port Harcourt, which has commenced programmes leading to the award of Masters Degrees in Marine Engineering (Power Plants), Naval Architecture and Offshore and Subsea Engineering. This and other educational interventions build on a pioneering scholarship programme that was introduced by SPDC since the 1950s.

Mr. Weli added: “We’re proud of our extensive social investment footprints in Rivers State, which in some cases even stretch beyond the SPDC joint venture. For example, to mark Nigeria’s centenary anniversary, Shell exclusively donated a modern public library to the Port Harcourt Literary Society in November 2016 at a cost of N1.58 billion. While we will continue to work with government, communities and other stakeholders for the development of the Niger Delta, we strongly appeal for a conducive operating environment since this is only way we can do business and implement the needed social investment projects and programmes.”

Tompkins named UNEP’s Patron of Protected Areas

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Tompkins named UNEP’s Patron of Protected Areas

American environmentalist and President of Tompkins Conservation, Kristine McDivitt Tompkins, was on Friday, May 18, 2018 designated UN Environment (UNEP) Patron of Protected Areas during an event at the United Nations headquarters in New York.

Kristine McDivitt Tompkins
Kristine McDivitt Tompkins

The former CEO of Patagonia, Inc., Tompkins is renowned for her outstanding environmental leadership, and particularly for expanding public protected areas and engaging the business community with the conservation of pristine mountains, grasslands, forests, and wetlands in Chile and Argentina.

Famed for purchasing vast swaths of landscapes in Patagonia and returning them to national Governments in the form of national parks, Ms. Tompkins together with her late husband Douglas Tompkins – founder of The North Face and co-founder of Esprit – and their partners have worked with the governments of Chile and Argentina to create 13 parks spanning five million hectares to date, more than any private individuals in history.

The couple is also recognised for recovering species such as the giant anteater in Argentina, in the areas where they work and boosting jobs and incomes through their conservation effort in territories full of clean water and ancient forests.

In January of 2018, on behalf of Tompkins Conservation, Tompkins donated 400,000 hectares of land to the Government of Chile, which were leveraged with government land to create a new 4.5 million hectares of national park network. Meanwhile in Argentina, Tompkins is leading the creation of Iberá National Park, which is in its final stages of becoming an official national park, with a donation of 150,000 hectares. Tompkins continues taking a leading role in protecting areas, through promoting the creation of new National Parks in Argentina as well as contributing to the creation of protected marine areas undertaken by the Government of Argentina.

As Patron of Protected Areas, Ms. Tompkins will support UN Environment to expand its message of conservation among individuals, governments and business.

“We warmly welcome the support of Ms. Tompkins in highlighting the connection between protected areas and other issues like marine litter, pollution, climate change and the illegal trade in wildlife,” said Erik Solheim, UN Environment Executive Director. “We need to nurture a new generation of responsible consumers to act as custodians to our planet.”

“The legacy that the Tompkins will leave us is ground-breaking in many areas: the achievements regarding saving biodiversity, park creation, restoration, ecological agriculture and activism with rising of awareness, have allowed immense transformations. The results of your efforts will accompany us and the future generations to come,” said Ambassador García Moritán, Permanent Representative of Argentina to the UN.

“It is an honour to be recognised by such a venerable institution as the United Nations. At this moment of human history, we must act to protect what’s left of untouched land and sea and work against the extinction crisis,” said Tompkins. “I hope that our energy and sense of urgency can inspire and accelerate new ways to work on behalf of nature.”

Tompkins is the president and co-founder of the non- profit Tompkins Conservation and was recognised in 2017 with the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy and in 2016 with the World Tourism Award and the Lowell Thomas Award.

Environmentalist seeks policy on plastic waste management

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Environmentalist seeks policy on plastic waste management

An environmentalist, Mr Idowu Salawu, on Sunday, May 20, 2018 told the Federal Government to formulate a national policy on plastic waste management to make wastes useful to humanity.

Plastic waste
Plastic bottle scavengers and their wares at the Epe Landfill Site/EcoPark in Lagos

Salawu gave the advice in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Lagos.

He said that a national policy was necessary to find economic advantages of plastic waste products, instead of allowing the materials to constitute environmental hazards.

Salawu, who is a consultant to the Federal Government on the environment, said that government should also evolve means of analysing waste streams to make wastes useful to economic growth.

“We have organic and inorganic wastes in the Nigerian waste stream. The inorganic aspect of waste is between 30 to 40 per cent, while the organic waste composition is about 60 to 70 per cent.

“Plastic wastes come in different forms. We have the high density and low density polyethylene plastics.

“In Nigeria, we are generally having serious problems in managing plastic wastes. This should not be.

“We have the habit of co-mingling our wastes. The plastic component of our waste is about 10 per cent. If we separate our wastes, we will be able to recycle plastic wastes.

“We need to use these resources, especially our plastic wastes for our own benefits as human beings.’’

He pointed out that there were innovative ways that plastic wastes could be recycled for the overall development of the economy.

“In developed climes, they use plastics for road construction. High density and low density polyethylene plastics are converted into cornflakes, and then to pellets with the inclusion of additives to make green roads.”

Citing the apparent crisis in waste management in Lagos State, Salawu argued that what was needed was for the state government to adopt integrated approach to waste management.

He noted that it was wrong to engage only one company to manage waste in a mega-city like Lagos.

“There are numerous smart ideas to manage waste in a big city like Lagos. One company cannot handle it alone.

“We experts on the field have been challenging government that this Visionscape people cannot do this work alone. They need to work with people on ground.”

He advised the government to resuscitate transfer loading stations in the state and to carry out a feasibility study on the state’s waste terrain to enable Visionscape do a better work.

“The issue with Visionscape is that they did not carry out a feasibility study before embarking on the new waste management scheme in Lagos.

“If there was a feasibility study in place, they will be able to understand the waste management terrain of the state.

“The smart city advice I want to give to Lagos State is that the solution to waste management is centred on the issue of transfer stations. There must be transfer stations within the city.

“The smart city solution to waste management in Lagos, therefore, hinges on transfer stations that can recover recyclable materials like metal, aluminum, paper and plastics.”

By Mercy Okhiade and Itohan Laserian

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