For two decades, African carbon markets operated as extraction mechanisms where these projects were designed locally, credits certified abroad, and value captured elsewhere. Nigeria’s Carbon Market Framework, anchored in the Climate Change Act 2021 and operationalised through the National Council on Climate Change (NCCC), represents a fundamental departure. Not because it promises scale because projections always promise scale but because it introduces something carbon markets desperately need: institutional infrastructure.
Carbon markets fail without trust. Africa’s carbon credibility has been eroded by asymmetric transactions: international buyers purchase credits at discount rates while host communities see minimal revenue. Nigeria’s framework addresses this explicitly by establishing a National Carbon Registry under NCCC oversight, asserting sovereign control over credit issuance, ownership clarity, and benefit distribution.
The framework introduces three foundational shifts: legitimacy, participation, and intent.
The first shift is legitimacy through accountability. The framework mandates Free, Prior, and Informed Consent from communities, revenue-sharing agreements, and transparent benefit distribution as pre-conditions for credit issuance. A renewable energy project in Kano cannot bypass community engagement and credits won’t be registered without documented consent and agreed benefit structures. Nigeria doesn’t invent new standards; it aligns with existing international methodologies (Verra, Gold Standard, CDM) while retaining approval rights based on national priorities. Credits must be globally tradable but nationally governed.
The second shift is participation as the market deepens. Until now, carbon markets were export pipelines – credits produced locally, value realised elsewhere. Nigeria’s framework enables domestic participation. When Dangote Cement or Access Bank can purchase Nigerian-issued credits to offset emissions, carbon becomes a domestically tradable commodity, not just an export product.
Three participation forms emerge: voluntary corporate procurement where Nigerian companies pursuing net-zero commitments can source credits domestically, keeping capital within Nigeria while supporting local climate projects; financial sector engagement where banks and pension funds can treat carbon credits as collateralisable assets or integrate them into green finance portfolios; and compliance readiness where companies building carbon credit portfolios position themselves for potential future obligations, whether domestic or linked to export markets like the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.
The third shift is intent as systemic integration. The framework embeds carbon trading into Nigeria’s Energy Transition Plan and Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy. Projects aren’t evaluated in isolation but as components of broader decarbonisation pathways. A methane capture project in Warri is assessed for alignment with gas flaring targets. A Cross River reforestation initiative contributes to Nigeria’s 30% forest cover commitment.
This systemic integration introduces sectoral pipelines: renewable energy displacement, waste management methane capture, REDD+ projects, industrial emissions optimisation. Developers know which sectors are prioritised. Verification bodies understand acceptable methodologies. Buyers anticipate credit volumes.
With projections of $3 billion annually by 2030, carbon is positioned as foreign exchange diversification. Nigeria flares 7-8 billion cubic meters of gas annually (worth $1-2 billion if captured). Converting waste into carbon credits while monetising gas creates dual revenue streams. Nigeria’s 30+ million households without reliable electricity create massive carbon credit potential if renewable mini-grids scale.
Nigeria has laid the rails. The test is whether the trains actually run. Carbon project development requires technical expertise most Nigerian states lack. Federal capacity-building programs targeting state environmental agencies are essential. Establish regional carbon hubs providing shared project development services.
Carbon markets depend on credible Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification. Nigeria needs investment in remote sensing, IoT sensors, and blockchain-based registries. Technology platforms that automate emissions tracking and provide audit trails transform MRV from manual to systematic.
Nigerian credits must avoid the 30-50% discount African credits face. Pursue bilateral recognition agreements with major carbon markets. Secure endorsement from the Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market. Quality certification removes buyer hesitation. Without enforcement mechanisms, benefit-sharing becomes performative. Establish escrow mechanisms where credit sale proceeds are held until community benefit distribution is verified. Empower communities to lodge complaints with NCCC.
Climate finance architecture fails Africa because the $100 billion annual pledge arrives as debt, not grants. Carbon markets offer performance-based finance: verified emissions reductions that buyers willingly purchase. Africa provides climate mitigation services with measurable value to global buyers pursuing net-zero commitments.
Nigeria positions carbon as an exportable service comparable to oil or gas. The difference: carbon is climate-aligned revenue, compatible with global decarbonisation trends. As fossil fuel demand declines, carbon credit demand rises.
Nigeria’s framework significance lies in timing and integration. As global carbon markets mature (voluntary markets projected to reach $50+ billion by 2030), Nigeria positions itself as a credible supplier. By embedding carbon trading within national climate policy and economic strategy, Nigeria signals that carbon is infrastructure. Success will be measured by whether, five years from now, Nigerian corporates routinely purchase domestic credits, international buyers trust Nigerian verification, communities report tangible benefits, and carbon revenue appears in federal budgets.
The fundamentals are in place. Now comes execution, enforcement, and earning trust one verified ton at a time.
By Ayo Ogunlowo, Climate Tech Innovator & Founder, CarbonScope360, COO, Atunlo
Ogunlowo is Founder of CarbonScope360, a carbon emissions measurement platform, and Chief Operating Officer of Atunlo, which recycled 75 million plastic bottles and distributed ₦470 million to Nigerian communities in 2024. He has advised Access Bank on digital transformation and co-founded Omora, bridging blockchain and traditional finance