A statement by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on environmental damage arising from the conflict in the Middle East
Escalating violence across parts of the Middle East is claiming civilian casualties, displacing communities, destroying infrastructure, and driving widespread environmental damage.
Strikes on oil facilities, including those occurring close to – and within – urban areas such as Tehran, have been confirmed via remote sensing methods.
Heavy smoke from burning oil, which includes hazardous compounds, is now being directly inhaled by people in Iran – including young children – raising serious concerns about long-term impacts on both human and environmental health. Experience from other conflicts shows that large oil fires and spills can cause extensive environmental contamination and pose significant health risks from exposure to smoke, particulates, and toxic emissions.
Pollution from uncontrolled fires may also enter soil and water, leach into groundwater, and be absorbed by crops, contaminating food supplies. Oil spills have also been reported in marine areas, further impacting the health of coastal communities.
Before this conflict began, the region was already facing severe environmental stress, especially relating to water resources. Strikes on desalination plants in several countries risk catastrophic consequences for communities that rely on them as a lifeline for water. The conflict will likely cause even greater stress on natural resources, damage marine and terrestrial ecosystems, set back efforts to enhance water and climate resilience, and impact the food chain and food safety.
Widespread use of munitions may lead to the release of heavy metals and toxic chemicals into the environment. While testing is not yet possible, modern munitions commonly contain heavy metals and explosive chemicals, all toxic even in the most modest quantities.
UNEP echoes the UN Secretary-General’s call for an immediate cessation of hostilities. This is essential to end the destruction and allow the people – and the environment – of the region to begin a process of recovery.